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A&P 241 > Special sences CH 15 > Flashcards

Special sences CH 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Palpebae

A

Eyelids,

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2
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Transperent membrane that lines the eye lids and covers the inner (palpebral conjunctiva) and outer (ocular conjunctiva) surfaces of the eyes.
The fornix is a pocket of the eye where the two conjunctiva become continous

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3
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A 
Consists of:
lacrimal glands and ducts
paired lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
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4
Q

Lacrimal fluid

A

Contains lysosomes, mucus and antibodies

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5
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

Control mevement of each eye:

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6
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

Moves eye laterally

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7
Q

Medial rectus

A

moves eye medially

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8
Q

Superior rectus

A

Elevates eye and turns it medially

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9
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Depresses eye and turns it medially

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10
Q

Interior oblique

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally

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11
Q

Superior oblique

A

Depresses eye and turns it laterally

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12
Q

Diplopia

A

Seeing double because if uncoordinated eye muscles

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13
Q

Strabismus

A

Congentital weakness of the external eye muscles

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14
Q

3 layers of the eye

A

Fibrous layer
Vascular layer
Inner layer

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15
Q

Fibrous layer

A

The outermost coat, composed of dense connective tissue:
Sclera and Cornea
Supports and protects
Serves as attachment sight for the extrinsic eye muscles
Contains structures that assist in focusing

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16
Q

Sclera

A

Posterior portion of fibrous layer, glisining white, opaque. “white of the eye” Protects and shapes the eyeball and provides ancoring point for the eye muscles

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17
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent window, continuous with the sclera.
It allows light to enter the eye.
No blood vessels
Most sensitive portion of the eye

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18
Q

Vascular layer (uvea)

A

Pigmented middle coat of the eye has 3 regions:
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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19
Q

Choroid

A

middle layer the encircles the eye between the retina and the sclera. lBlood vessel rich posterior portion, nourishes the eye and make malanocytes that protect the eye from the sun

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20
Q

Ciliary body

A

Anterior this ring that encircles the lens, controls lens shape and secretes fluid to fill the anterior cavity
Change focus from near to far

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21
Q

Iris

A

Anterior portion of the eye, colored part the contracts and dilates to control the amount of light that enters the pupil
pupillary constrictor and pupillary dilator

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22
Q

Inner layer

A

Innermost layer, retina, nervous layer:

Pigmented layer and Neural layer

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23
Q

Pigmented layer of the retina

A

Single cell think linning, absorb light and act as phagocyles, photoreceptor cell renewal.

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24
Q

Neural layer of the retina

A

Plays direct role in vision. 3 types of neurons: photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

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25
Q

Optic disc

A

Weak spot in the eye where the optic nerve exits,

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26
Q

Rods and Cones

A

Rods: dim light and peripheral vision receptors
Cones: Color, bright light and HD

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27
Q

Internal chambers and fluids

A

Anterior chamber: Aqueuous humor

Posterior chamber: Vitreous humor

28
Q

Lens

A

Bioconvex, transparent and changes shap to focas light on the retina.
Image is upside down and backwards
Brain re-orientates image

29
Q

Myopia

A

Distant objects focus in front of the retina, Eye ball is too long
nearsightedness (can see near)

30
Q

Hyperopia

A

Focus is beyond the retina
Eye ball is too short
farsightedness (can see far)

31
Q

Astigmatisn

A

Unequal curvatures in different parts of the eye that lead to blurty images.

32
Q

Phototransduction

A

Process by which light energy is turned into graded receptor potrntial

33
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Deap purple pigment of the rods
Changes to opsin in dark
Photoreceptors active in dark
High rate of action potential

34
Q

Striate cortex

A

Primary visual cortex.

35
Q

Prestriate cortex

A

Visual association areas

36
Q

Depth preception

A

Three denominational vision provided my the slightly different images delivered by the two eyes.

37
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

The receptors for smell and taste, they respond to chemicals in aqueous solution.

38
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

The yellow-tinged patch of pseudostratified epithelium that is the organ of smell

39
Q

Olfactory sensory neurons

A

Bowling pin shaped receptors in the olfactory epithelium,
Bipolar,
Surrounded by supporting cells that contain yellow brown pigment

40
Q

Olfactory stem cells

A

Line the base of the epithelium.

41
Q

Olfactory Cilia

A

Located at the end of each dendrite, increase receptors surface area and are covered by a thin layer of mucus
Largely non-motile

42
Q

Olfactory Transduction

A
  1. Odorant binds to receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activated adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP opens a cation channel, allowing Na+ and Ca+ influx causing depolarization.
43
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Axons of olfactory sensory neurons form>
Olfactory nerve, with synapse in>
Olfactory bulbs which are the distal end of the>
Olfactory tract, where>
Mitral cells (second-order sensory neurons) synapse in>
Glomeruli

44
Q

Papillae

A

Peg like projections of the tongue mucosa that make the tongue slightly abrasive.

45
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped papillae scattered over the tongue. Taste buds are located mainly on the tops and in the side walls of the foliate papillae

46
Q

Vallate papillae

A

Largest and least numerous papillae

7-12 of them form an inverted V at the back of the tongue.

47
Q

Taste bud

A

Each flask shaped bud consists of 50- 100 epithelial cells of 2 types:
Gustatory
Basal

48
Q

Gustatory epithelial cells

A

The taste cells, contain gustatory hairs

49
Q

Gustatory hairs

A

Sensitive portion.
long microvilli called gustatory hairs that extend through a taste poor to the surface of the epithelium where they are bathed in saliva.

50
Q

Basal epithelium

A

Stem cells that divide into new gustatory cells

51
Q

5 tastes sensationss

A 
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami
52
Q

Activation of taste receptors

A

Salty: Na+ influx directly depolarizes
Sour: H+ opens cation channels
Sweet, Salty and Umami: common mechanisms in different cells. Couples with G protein gustducin

53
Q

Gustatory pathway (Cranial nerves)

A

Facial nerve: from anterior tho thirds of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal: serves posterior tongue and pharynx.
Vagus nerve: epiglottis and lower pharynx

54
Q

Influence on other sences

A

80% of taste is smell. Temperature and texture of food enhances taste as well.

55
Q

3 major ear regions

A

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

56
Q

External ear structures

A

Auricle: funnels sound waves into the ear
Auditory canal: short curved tube that extends from the auricle to the eardrum
Tympanic memrane: flattened translucent cone that separates outer and middle ear.
sound waves make eardrum vibrate

57
Q

Middle ear structures

A

or tympanic cavity: flanked laterally by the tympanic membrane and medially by a bony wall with the oval and round windows. Houses auditory ossicles

58
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus : hammer
Incus : anvil
Stapes :stirrup

59
Q

Inner ear structures

A 
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
60
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

Canals worming through the bone, filled with perilymph fluid

61
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Continuous membranous sacs and ducts with in the bony labyrinth. Filled with endolymph fluid.

62
Q

Vestibule

A

Central egg shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth, two sacs: saccule and utricle. Houses equillibrim receptors called maculae.

63
Q

Semicircular canls

A

Anterior lateral and posterior canals, responds to angular rotational movement of the head.
semicircular ducts inside with ampulla housing equilibrium receptors called crista ampullaris.

64
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail shaped and houses the cochlear duct that contains the receptor organ for hearing: the spiral organ or organ of Corti.

65
Q

3 cochlear chambers (or scalae)

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

66
Q

Pathway for sound travel

A
  1. sound waves vibrate eardrum
  2. Auditory ossicles vibrate and amplify
  3. Pressure waves from the stapes push on oval window and move into the fluid in the scala vestibule
  4. Sounds in hearing range go through cochlea duct vibrate basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells.

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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