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A&P 241 > Bones Ch 6 - Ch 9 > Flashcards

Bones Ch 6 - Ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

3 skeletal cartilage types

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Hyaline

A

Most abundant, and made of fine collagen fibers.Support, flexibility and resistance.
Located: Articular, Coastal, respiratory and nasal cartilages.

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3
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but made up of flexible elastic fibers as well. Location: External ear and epiglottis.

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4
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Highly compressible, made of chondrocytes alternating with collagen fibers.
Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and menisci

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5
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A

Appositional growth:from the out side.

Interstitial growth: from the inside.

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6
Q

4 bone types

A 
Sutural
Long
Short
Flat 
Irregular 
Sesamoid
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7
Q

Bone function

A 
Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage
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8
Q

2 most important minerals in bone

A

calcium and phosphate

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9
Q

Trabeculae

A

Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces in spongy bone

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft that forms the long axis of the bone

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bone ends, filled with spongy bone (no medullary space) and covered with compact bone.

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12
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Divides the diaphysis and epiphysis and was the site of the growth plate in the youth (epiphyseal plate)

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13
Q

Bone membranes

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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14
Q

Periosteum

A

White double layer membrane surrounding the bone, outside made of irregular CT, inside made of osreogenic stem cells

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15
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate connective tissue layer that lines the inside of the bone. Contains osteogenic stem cells.

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16
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Opening in the bone which the blood supply and nerves pass through

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17
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Perforating fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone and provide anchor points for ligaments and tendons.

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18
Q

Red marrow cavities

A

Found in spongy bone and is where hematopoiesis takes place–mostly in hip sternum,and heads of femur and humerus.

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19
Q

Bone markings

A

Projections, depressions and openings that serve as sights for muscle, tendon and ligament attachments.

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20
Q

Bone tissue cells

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocyte
Osteoclast

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21
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mitotic stem cells, located in periosteum and endosteum.

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Matrix synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth. Trigger the deposit of calcium salts in the organic matrix.
Osteocytes develop from osteoblasts.

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23
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the bone matrix-make up most of the cell population and occupy the lacuna.
Maintain protein and mineral content of the matrix
Involved in repair of damaged bones

24
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone reabsorbing cells. Use enzymes to break down bone and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
Large with 50+ nuclei
Derive from the cells that produce monocytes and macrophages, not from osteogenic stem cells

25
Q

Components of compact bone

A

Osteon
Lamella
Canals & Canaliculi

26
Q

Osteon

A

Tiny weight baring pillars, run parallel to the long across of the bone

27
Q

Lamella

A

Each flat layer of the osteon, wrapped around the center like a tree trunk. Collagen fibers rin diagonally in opposite directions in each layer.

28
Q

Canals

A

Central canals: Run through the core of each osteon

Perforating (Vilkmann’s) canals: Run from periosteum to medullary cavity.

29
Q

Lamellae

A

Interstitial lamella: Incomplete lamella between osteons
Circumferential lamella: wrap around ostoens, under periosteum.
Hard matrix between cells

30
Q

Bone composition

A

Organic: Bone cells and ground substances such as collagen
Inorganic: mineral salts, largely clacium phosphates.

31
Q

2 types of bone formation

A

endochondal ossification:

Intermembranous ossification

32
Q

7 stages of endochondal ossificstion

A
  1. Matrix starts to form as chondrocytes enlarge in the center
  2. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium cells convert to osteoblasts
  3. Blood vessels penetrate, fibroblasts migrate in and turn to osteoblasts, primary ossification center forms spongy bone.
  4. Remodeling creates a medullary cavity, length and diameter increase
  5. Capillarity and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses and form secondary ossification center
  6. Epiphyseal plate forms and separates the diaphysis and epiphysis.
  7. Epiphyseal closure occurs at puberty
33
Q

Intermembranous ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells cluster together, differentiate into osteoblasts and begins to form bone matrix
  2. Ossification proceeds and some osteoblasts are trapped and differentiate into osteocytes.
  3. Blood vessels move in and accelerate growth, they become trapped in the matrix.
  4. Woven bone and periosteum forms with blood vessels throughout
  5. Osteons develop and surface tissue becomes periosteum.
34
Q

Growth from epiphyeal plate

A
  1. Proliferation zone: Mitosis of cartilage cells
  2. Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells enlarge.
  3. Calcification; Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating & blood vessels invade.
  4. Ossification zone: new bone forms
35
Q

Hormonal Controls for bone remodeling

A

Calcitonin: Calcium in to bone

Parathyroid hormone: Calcium out

36
Q

Common types of fractures

A

Transverse: Break of a bone shaft across its long axis
Displaced/non-displaced: new abnormal bone arrangements/retain the normal alignment
Compression: Vertebrae subjected to extreme stress
Spiral: Produced by twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone
Epiphyseal: Break that occurs where the cartilage is ossifying
Comminuted: Shatter affected area into a multitude of bony fragments
Greenstick: One side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent (common in children)
Colles: Distal portion of the radius, common in breaking a fall
Pott’s: Occurs in the ankle and affects multiple bones

37
Q

4 Stages for healing a fracture

A
  1. Hemotoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occures
38
Q

Canaliculi

A

Cracks that filaments run through in lamellae

39
Q

Sutural bones

A

Also called Wormian bones
Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that are found between the flat bones of the skill.
Borders are like jigsaw puzzle pieces

40
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces.

Vertebrae, the bones of the pelvis and some bones in the cranium

41
Q

Short bones

A

Boxlike in appearance

Carpals and tarsals

42
Q

Flat bones

A

Have thin parallel surfaces

Roof of the skill, sternum, and scapula.

43
Q

Long bones

A

Relatively long and slender

Located in arm, forearm, thigh, soles, fingers and toes

44
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Usually small round and flat.
Develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints
Patella is an example that everyone has

45
Q

Types of bone markings:

A

Elevations and projections
Openings
Depressions
Processes where tendons and ligaments attach
Processes where joints occur between adjacent bones

46
Q

Elevations and projections (2)

A

Process: projection or bump
Ramus: Extension of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure

47
Q

Processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach (6)

A 
Trochanter: Large rough projection
Crest: Prominent ridge
Spine: Pointed process
Line: Low ridge 
Tubercle: Small rounded projection
Tuberosity: rough projection
48
Q

Depressions (2)

A

Sulcus: Narrow groove
Fossa: Shallow depression

49
Q

Openings (5)

A

Sinus: Chamber with in a bone, normally filled with air
Foramen: Rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves to pass
Fissure: Deep furrow, cleft or slit
Meatus: Passage or channel, especially the opening of a channel
Canal: Duct or channel

50
Q

Processes formed where joints occur (5)

A

Head: Expanded articular end of an epiphysis
Neck: Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis
Facet: Small flat articular surface
Condyle: Smooth rounded articular process
Trochlea: Smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pully

51
Q

Spongy bone

A

Provides support and stores minerals
Mesh work of supporting trabeculae which are surrounded by bone marrow
Lighter than compact and can withstand stress from multiple directions

52
Q

Red marrow

A

In the spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones and in large bones such as the sternum and ilium.
Forms red blood cells

53
Q

Yellow marrow

A

contains adipose tissue that is important as an energy reserve

54
Q

Compact bone

A

Functions to protect, support and resist stress

Basic functional unit is the osteon which are arranged around a central canal.

55
Q

Central canal

A

Also called the Harversian canal, contains one or more blood vessels.
Run parallel to the bones surface.

56
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Also called Volksmann’s canals run perpendicular to the surface and supply blood to the deeper osteons and medullary cavity.

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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