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A&P 241 > Bones Ch 6 - Ch 9 > Flashcards

Bones Ch 6 - Ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

3 skeletal cartilage types

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Hyaline

A

Most abundant, and made of fine collagen fibers.Support, flexibility and resistance.
Located: Articular, Coastal, respiratory and nasal cartilages.

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3
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but made up of flexible elastic fibers as well. Location: External ear and epiglottis.

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4
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Highly compressible, made of chondrocytes alternating with collagen fibers.
Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and menisci

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5
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A

Appositional growth:from the out side.

Interstitial growth: from the inside.

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6
Q

4 bone types

A 
Sutural
Long
Short
Flat 
Irregular 
Sesamoid
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7
Q

Bone function

A 
Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage
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8
Q

2 most important minerals in bone

A

calcium and phosphate

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9
Q

Trabeculae

A

Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces in spongy bone

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft that forms the long axis of the bone

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bone ends, filled with spongy bone (no medullary space) and covered with compact bone.

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12
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Divides the diaphysis and epiphysis and was the site of the growth plate in the youth (epiphyseal plate)

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13
Q

Bone membranes

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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14
Q

Periosteum

A

White double layer membrane surrounding the bone, outside made of irregular CT, inside made of osreogenic stem cells

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15
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate connective tissue layer that lines the inside of the bone. Contains osteogenic stem cells.

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16
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Opening in the bone which the blood supply and nerves pass through

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17
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Perforating fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone and provide anchor points for ligaments and tendons.

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18
Q

Red marrow cavities

A

Found in spongy bone and is where hematopoiesis takes place–mostly in hip sternum,and heads of femur and humerus.

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19
Q

Bone markings

A

Projections, depressions and openings that serve as sights for muscle, tendon and ligament attachments.

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20
Q

Bone tissue cells

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocyte
Osteoclast

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21
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mitotic stem cells, located in periosteum and endosteum.

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Matrix synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth. Trigger the deposit of calcium salts in the organic matrix.
Osteocytes develop from osteoblasts.

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23
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the bone matrix-make up most of the cell population and occupy the lacuna.
Maintain protein and mineral content of the matrix
Involved in repair of damaged bones

24
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone reabsorbing cells. Use enzymes to break down bone and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
Large with 50+ nuclei
Derive from the cells that produce monocytes and macrophages, not from osteogenic stem cells

25
Components of compact bone
Osteon Lamella Canals & Canaliculi
26
Osteon
Tiny weight baring pillars, run parallel to the long across of the bone
27
Lamella
Each flat layer of the osteon, wrapped around the center like a tree trunk. Collagen fibers rin diagonally in opposite directions in each layer.
28
Canals
Central canals: Run through the core of each osteon | Perforating (Vilkmann's) canals: Run from periosteum to medullary cavity.
29
Lamellae
Interstitial lamella: Incomplete lamella between osteons Circumferential lamella: wrap around ostoens, under periosteum. Hard matrix between cells
30
Bone composition
Organic: Bone cells and ground substances such as collagen Inorganic: mineral salts, largely clacium phosphates.
31
2 types of bone formation
endochondal ossification: | Intermembranous ossification
32
7 stages of endochondal ossificstion
1. Matrix starts to form as chondrocytes enlarge in the center 2. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium cells convert to osteoblasts 3. Blood vessels penetrate, fibroblasts migrate in and turn to osteoblasts, primary ossification center forms spongy bone. 4. Remodeling creates a medullary cavity, length and diameter increase 5. Capillarity and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses and form secondary ossification center 6. Epiphyseal plate forms and separates the diaphysis and epiphysis. 7. Epiphyseal closure occurs at puberty
33
Intermembranous ossification
1. Mesenchymal cells cluster together, differentiate into osteoblasts and begins to form bone matrix 2. Ossification proceeds and some osteoblasts are trapped and differentiate into osteocytes. 3. Blood vessels move in and accelerate growth, they become trapped in the matrix. 4. Woven bone and periosteum forms with blood vessels throughout 5. Osteons develop and surface tissue becomes periosteum.
34
Growth from epiphyeal plate
1. Proliferation zone: Mitosis of cartilage cells 2. Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells enlarge. 3. Calcification; Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating & blood vessels invade. 4. Ossification zone: new bone forms
35
Hormonal Controls for bone remodeling
Calcitonin: Calcium in to bone | Parathyroid hormone: Calcium out
36
Common types of fractures
Transverse: Break of a bone shaft across its long axis Displaced/non-displaced: new abnormal bone arrangements/retain the normal alignment Compression: Vertebrae subjected to extreme stress Spiral: Produced by twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone Epiphyseal: Break that occurs where the cartilage is ossifying Comminuted: Shatter affected area into a multitude of bony fragments Greenstick: One side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent (common in children) Colles: Distal portion of the radius, common in breaking a fall Pott's: Occurs in the ankle and affects multiple bones
37
4 Stages for healing a fracture
1. Hemotoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling occures
38
Canaliculi
Cracks that filaments run through in lamellae
39
Sutural bones
Also called Wormian bones Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that are found between the flat bones of the skill. Borders are like jigsaw puzzle pieces
40
Irregular bones
Complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces. | Vertebrae, the bones of the pelvis and some bones in the cranium
41
Short bones
Boxlike in appearance | Carpals and tarsals
42
Flat bones
Have thin parallel surfaces | Roof of the skill, sternum, and scapula.
43
Long bones
Relatively long and slender | Located in arm, forearm, thigh, soles, fingers and toes
44
Sesamoid bones
Usually small round and flat. Develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints Patella is an example that everyone has
45
Types of bone markings:
Elevations and projections Openings Depressions Processes where tendons and ligaments attach Processes where joints occur between adjacent bones
46
Elevations and projections (2)
Process: projection or bump Ramus: Extension of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure
47
Processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach (6)
``` Trochanter: Large rough projection Crest: Prominent ridge Spine: Pointed process Line: Low ridge Tubercle: Small rounded projection Tuberosity: rough projection ```
48
Depressions (2)
Sulcus: Narrow groove Fossa: Shallow depression
49
Openings (5)
Sinus: Chamber with in a bone, normally filled with air Foramen: Rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves to pass Fissure: Deep furrow, cleft or slit Meatus: Passage or channel, especially the opening of a channel Canal: Duct or channel
50
Processes formed where joints occur (5)
Head: Expanded articular end of an epiphysis Neck: Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis Facet: Small flat articular surface Condyle: Smooth rounded articular process Trochlea: Smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pully
51
Spongy bone
Provides support and stores minerals Mesh work of supporting trabeculae which are surrounded by bone marrow Lighter than compact and can withstand stress from multiple directions
52
Red marrow
In the spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones and in large bones such as the sternum and ilium. Forms red blood cells
53
Yellow marrow
contains adipose tissue that is important as an energy reserve
54
Compact bone
Functions to protect, support and resist stress | Basic functional unit is the osteon which are arranged around a central canal.
55
Central canal
Also called the Harversian canal, contains one or more blood vessels. Run parallel to the bones surface.
56
Perforating Canals
Also called Volksmann's canals run perpendicular to the surface and supply blood to the deeper osteons and medullary cavity.

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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