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A&P 241 > Ch 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

4 forms of energy

A

Chemical: Stored in bonds
Electrical: Movement of charged particles
Mechanical: Directly involved in moving matter
Radiant: Travels in waves

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2
Q

4 major elements in the human body

A 
HONC:
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
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3
Q

Mass number

A

Protons + Neutrons

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4
Q

Atomic weight

A

Average of all Isotopes

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5
Q

Compound

A

2 or more diferent molecules combined

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6
Q

3 types of mixture

A

Solution (homogeneous)
Colloid (hetrogeneous)
Susoension (hetrogeneous)

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7
Q

Solution

A

Transparent and the same throughout. Contain solvent (liquid) and solute (what is desolved).

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8
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.02X10<23

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9
Q

Colloids

A

Emulsions. clear or milky, larger solutes, scatter light. Do not settle

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10
Q

Suspentions

A

Hetrogeneous.Large visible solutes that settle.

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11
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Complete transfer of electrons, charged particles form

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12
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Unequal sharing of electons, slight - charge at one end and slight + at the other end. (water is polar)

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13
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Equal sharing of electrons, charges ballance.

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14
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Whenever bonds are formed broken or rearanged

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15
Q

Reduction - Oxydation Reactions

A

Reduction: Gains electron
Oxidation: Donated electron

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16
Q

3 chemical reactions

A

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

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17
Q

Synthesis

A

Construction, anabolic activities

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18
Q

Decomposition

A

Degradative or catabolic process in the body

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19
Q

Exchange

A

Both decomp and synthesis together

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20
Q

Factors affecting chemical reactions

A

Temperature
Concentration
Particle Size
Catalysts

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21
Q

Organic vs. inorganic compounds

A

Orgainic: Contain Carbon
Inorganinc: No Carbon

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22
Q

Water

A

Universal solvant (Polar)
Heat capacity
Vaporization
Reactivity : Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

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23
Q

Salt

A

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and an ions other than (OH-)

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24
Q

Electrolytes

A

All Ions, conduct current in solution.

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25
Q

Acids

A

Release H+, proton donors

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26
Q

Base

A

Take H+, proton acceptors

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27
Q

Strong acids

A

Disasociate completely and irreversible in water

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28
Q

Weak acids

A

Acids that do not completely disociate

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29
Q

Why is carbon special?

A

It is electronuetral

It has 4 vallance electrons

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30
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

Monsaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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31
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A

Provides ready easy to use cellular fuel.

APT is synthesized during its breakdown.

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32
Q

Lipids

A

Fats and oils, Include:
Triglicerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

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33
Q

Triglicerides

A

(natural fats) fats when solid and oil when liquid. Composed of 3 fatty acid chains and gyicerol. Major source of stored energy, protect and insulate organs.

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34
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid chains with a phosphorous cantaining group (head). Builds cellular membranes.

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35
Q

Steroids

A

Flat molecule made of 4 interlocking rings. Most important is cholesterol. In cell membrane, Vit D synthesis and hormone production.

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36
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Must get arachidonic acid in your diet to make this 20 chain fatty acid. Leukotrienes: Involved with the coordinating of responses to injury and disease. Prostoglandens: blood clotting, BP, inflammation and labor contractions

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37
Q

Proteins

A

Compose 10-30% of cells and play a vital role in cell function.

38
Q

Amino Acids

A

The building blocks for proteins. Can be and acid or a base and are all identical except for the R groups.

39
Q

Protein structure

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

40
Q

Fiberous Proteins

A

Structural proteins have extended strandlike shape. Can denature.

41
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Functional Proteins have comppact spherical shape. Stable

42
Q

DNA Bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

43
Q

RNA Bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

44
Q

ATP

A

Released during glucose catabolism. Proforms cellular work.

45
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom

46
Q

Element

A

Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind

47
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neurons.

48
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Unstable nuclei, spontaneously give break down and give off subatomic particles or radiation.

49
Q

Atomic mass

A

The actual mass of an atom of a specific isotope

50
Q

Mole

A

A specific quantity : Avogadro’s number

51
Q

The atoms of elements that are most important to biological systems are ________.

A

Unstable

52
Q

Inert elements

A

Do not readily participate in chemical processes.

53
Q

Reactive elements

A

Unfilled outermost energy levels such as hydrogen and lithium.

54
Q

3 types of chemical bonds:

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

55
Q

Compound

A

Pure chemical substance made up of two or more elements in fixed proportions, regardless of the type of chemical bond joining them

56
Q

Molecule

A

Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by shared electrons

57
Q

_____ _____of a molecule or compound is the sum of the atomic weights of it’s component atoms.

A

Molecular weight

58
Q

Ion

A

atom that has electrical charge

59
Q

Cation

A

Atom with a (+) positive charge

60
Q

Anion

A

Atom with (-) negative charge

61
Q

Covalent bonds

A

When atoms bond by sharing electrons

62
Q

Free radical

A

An atom or electron that contains unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.

63
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

An unequal sharing of electrons. (polar bears don’t like to share)

64
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

An equal sharing of electrons

65
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

An attraction (weak force) between a slight positive charge and slight negitive charge

66
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a bond by adding H2O

67
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Creating a bond by removing H2O

68
Q

_______ promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.

A

Enzymes

69
Q

Catalyst

A

Class of substances that speed up chemical reactions with out themselves being changed-enzymes are a type of catalyst

70
Q

Properties of water

A

Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrication

71
Q

A solution with a pH of 7 is said to be _______, because it contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

A

neutral

72
Q

A solution with a pH below 7 is _______, meaning that is contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.

A

acidic

73
Q

A pH above 7 is said to be _____ or ______, meaning there are more hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions.

A

basic or alkaline

74
Q

Weak acid and weak bases

A

Do not completely dissociate in water

75
Q

Strong acids and bases:

A

Do completely dissociate in water

76
Q

Buffer

A

Compound that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions.

76
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A

Insulate
Protect
Provides energy reserve

77
Q

3 things that influence the speed or rate of chemical reactions:

A

Temperature
Concentration of reactants
Presence of catalyst

78
Q

Building block of proteins

A

Amino acids

79
Q

Building blocks of DNA

A

Nucleic acids

80
Q

7 functions of proteins

A 
Support
Movement
Transport
Buffering
Metabolic regulation
Coordination and control
Defense
81
Q

Cellulose

A

Polyssaccharide that id the structural component in many plants. Cannot be digested by our bodies but supplies bulk for our digestive tract.

82
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide formed from glucose molecules, most are manufactured by plants. Can be digested by humans.

83
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide, animal starch, has many side branches of chines of glucose molecules.

84
Q

________ are large lipid molecules that share a distinctive four-ring carbon framework.

A

Steroids
Helps maintain the cells plasma membrane and aids in cell growth and division
Steroid hormones include estrogen, testosterone (sex hormones), and corticosteroids (protein metabolism) and calcitril (Calcuim ion regulation)

85
Q

__________, ___________, and __________ are called structural lipids because they help form and maintain intracellular structures-membranes

A

Cholesterol, phosphorous, glycolipids

86
Q

5 parts of an amino acid

A 
Central carbon
Hydrogen atom
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group
87
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bold that amino acids together.

Join the carboxyl group to the amino group

88
Q

Cofactor

A

An ion or molecule that must bind ti an enzume before the substrate can also bind (cofactors are a nonprotien organic molecule that can function ad a cofactor)

89
Q

DNA structure

A

Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose (Sugar)

90
Q

RNA Structure

A

Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Ribose (sugar)

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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