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A&P 241 > Ch 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch 2 Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

4 forms of energy

A

Chemical: Stored in bonds
Electrical: Movement of charged particles
Mechanical: Directly involved in moving matter
Radiant: Travels in waves

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2
Q

4 major elements in the human body

A 
HONC:
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
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3
Q

Mass number

A

Protons + Neutrons

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4
Q

Atomic weight

A

Average of all Isotopes

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5
Q

Compound

A

2 or more diferent molecules combined

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6
Q

3 types of mixture

A

Solution (homogeneous)
Colloid (hetrogeneous)
Susoension (hetrogeneous)

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7
Q

Solution

A

Transparent and the same throughout. Contain solvent (liquid) and solute (what is desolved).

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8
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.02X10<23

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9
Q

Colloids

A

Emulsions. clear or milky, larger solutes, scatter light. Do not settle

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10
Q

Suspentions

A

Hetrogeneous.Large visible solutes that settle.

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11
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Complete transfer of electrons, charged particles form

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12
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Unequal sharing of electons, slight - charge at one end and slight + at the other end. (water is polar)

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13
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Equal sharing of electrons, charges ballance.

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14
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Whenever bonds are formed broken or rearanged

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15
Q

Reduction - Oxydation Reactions

A

Reduction: Gains electron
Oxidation: Donated electron

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16
Q

3 chemical reactions

A

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

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17
Q

Synthesis

A

Construction, anabolic activities

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18
Q

Decomposition

A

Degradative or catabolic process in the body

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19
Q

Exchange

A

Both decomp and synthesis together

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20
Q

Factors affecting chemical reactions

A

Temperature
Concentration
Particle Size
Catalysts

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21
Q

Organic vs. inorganic compounds

A

Orgainic: Contain Carbon
Inorganinc: No Carbon

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22
Q

Water

A

Universal solvant (Polar)
Heat capacity
Vaporization
Reactivity : Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

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23
Q

Salt

A

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and an ions other than (OH-)

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24
Q

Electrolytes

A

All Ions, conduct current in solution.

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25
Acids
Release H+, proton donors
26
Base
Take H+, proton acceptors
27
Strong acids
Disasociate completely and irreversible in water
28
Weak acids
Acids that do not completely disociate
29
Why is carbon special?
It is electronuetral | It has 4 vallance electrons
30
Types of carbohydrates
Monsaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
31
Carbohydrate functions
Provides ready easy to use cellular fuel. | APT is synthesized during its breakdown.
32
Lipids
Fats and oils, Include: Triglicerides Phospholipids Steroids
33
Triglicerides
(natural fats) fats when solid and oil when liquid. Composed of 3 fatty acid chains and gyicerol. Major source of stored energy, protect and insulate organs.
34
Phospholipids
2 fatty acid chains with a phosphorous cantaining group (head). Builds cellular membranes.
35
Steroids
Flat molecule made of 4 interlocking rings. Most important is cholesterol. In cell membrane, Vit D synthesis and hormone production.
36
Eicosanoids
Must get arachidonic acid in your diet to make this 20 chain fatty acid. Leukotrienes: Involved with the coordinating of responses to injury and disease. Prostoglandens: blood clotting, BP, inflammation and labor contractions
37
Proteins
Compose 10-30% of cells and play a vital role in cell function.
38
Amino Acids
The building blocks for proteins. Can be and acid or a base and are all identical except for the R groups.
39
Protein structure
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
40
Fiberous Proteins
Structural proteins have extended strandlike shape. Can denature.
41
Globular Proteins
Functional Proteins have comppact spherical shape. Stable
42
DNA Bases
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
43
RNA Bases
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil
44
ATP
Released during glucose catabolism. Proforms cellular work.
45
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom
46
Element
Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind
47
Isotope
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neurons.
48
Radioisotopes
Unstable nuclei, spontaneously give break down and give off subatomic particles or radiation.
49
Atomic mass
The actual mass of an atom of a specific isotope
50
Mole
A specific quantity : Avogadro's number
51
The atoms of elements that are most important to biological systems are ________.
Unstable
52
Inert elements
Do not readily participate in chemical processes.
53
Reactive elements
Unfilled outermost energy levels such as hydrogen and lithium.
54
3 types of chemical bonds:
Covalent Ionic Hydrogen
55
Compound
Pure chemical substance made up of two or more elements in fixed proportions, regardless of the type of chemical bond joining them
56
Molecule
Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by shared electrons
57
_____ _____of a molecule or compound is the sum of the atomic weights of it's component atoms.
Molecular weight
58
Ion
atom that has electrical charge
59
Cation
Atom with a (+) positive charge
60
Anion
Atom with (-) negative charge
61
Covalent bonds
When atoms bond by sharing electrons
62
Free radical
An atom or electron that contains unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.
63
Polar covalent bonds
An unequal sharing of electrons. (polar bears don't like to share)
64
Nonpolar covalent bonds
An equal sharing of electrons
65
Hydrogen bonds
An attraction (weak force) between a slight positive charge and slight negitive charge
66
Hydrolysis
Breaking a bond by adding H2O
67
Dehydration synthesis
Creating a bond by removing H2O
68
_______ promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
Enzymes
69
Catalyst
Class of substances that speed up chemical reactions with out themselves being changed-enzymes are a type of catalyst
70
Properties of water
Solubility Reactivity High heat capacity Lubrication
71
A solution with a pH of 7 is said to be _______, because it contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
neutral
72
A solution with a pH below 7 is _______, meaning that is contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
acidic
73
A pH above 7 is said to be _____ or ______, meaning there are more hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions.
basic or alkaline
74
Weak acid and weak bases
Do not completely dissociate in water
75
Strong acids and bases:
Do completely dissociate in water
76
Buffer
Compound that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
76
Functions of triglycerides
Insulate Protect Provides energy reserve
77
3 things that influence the speed or rate of chemical reactions:
Temperature Concentration of reactants Presence of catalyst
78
Building block of proteins
Amino acids
79
Building blocks of DNA
Nucleic acids
80
7 functions of proteins
``` Support Movement Transport Buffering Metabolic regulation Coordination and control Defense ```
81
Cellulose
Polyssaccharide that id the structural component in many plants. Cannot be digested by our bodies but supplies bulk for our digestive tract.
82
Starch
Polysaccharide formed from glucose molecules, most are manufactured by plants. Can be digested by humans.
83
Glycogen
Polysaccharide, animal starch, has many side branches of chines of glucose molecules.
84
________ are large lipid molecules that share a distinctive four-ring carbon framework.
Steroids Helps maintain the cells plasma membrane and aids in cell growth and division Steroid hormones include estrogen, testosterone (sex hormones), and corticosteroids (protein metabolism) and calcitril (Calcuim ion regulation)
85
__________, ___________, and __________ are called structural lipids because they help form and maintain intracellular structures-membranes
Cholesterol, phosphorous, glycolipids
86
5 parts of an amino acid
``` Central carbon Hydrogen atom Amino group Carboxyl group R group ```
87
Peptide bond
Covalent bold that amino acids together. | Join the carboxyl group to the amino group
88
Cofactor
An ion or molecule that must bind ti an enzume before the substrate can also bind (cofactors are a nonprotien organic molecule that can function ad a cofactor)
89
DNA structure
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Deoxyribose (Sugar)
90
RNA Structure
Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Ribose (sugar)

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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