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A&P 241 > Muscle Tissue Ch 9 > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Organs that attach to and cover the skeleton
Have striations
Voluntary muscle

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2
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Only in heart
Striated
Involuntary

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3
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

In walls of hollow, visceral organs.
Nonstriated
Involuntary

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4
Q

4 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A

Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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5
Q

4 Major Muscle Functions

A

Movement
Posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

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6
Q

Additional functions of muscle

A

Protect internal organs
Form valves
Dilate and constrict pupils
Arrector pili in hair follicles

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7
Q

Nerve and blood supply

A

Generally 1 nerve, 1 artery, and 1 or more veins for each muscle.

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8
Q

3 Connective tissue sheaths of muscle

A

Epimysium: Surround whole muscle
Perimysium: Surrounds each fascicle
Endomysium: wispy sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber

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9
Q

Attachments

A

Direct: fleshy attachments, epimysium is attached directly to outside of bone or cartilage.
Indirect: more common, tissue extends beyond muscle as tendon or aponeurosis and anchors to bone or cartilage.

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10
Q

Insertion

A

The attachment at the movable bone

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11
Q

Origin

A

The attachment at the immovable or less movable bone.

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12
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Contains large amounts of glycosomes (glycogen) and myoglobin (oxygen).

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14
Q

Myofibrils

A

80% of cellular volume

rod-like cylinders that run the length of the cell

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15
Q

Sarcomere

A

smallest, contractile, functional unit of skeletal muscle.

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16
Q

Striations

A

Dark and light bands that wrap around the myofibril.
Dark:A bands
Light: I bands

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17
Q

Myofilaments

A

Smaller structures in sarcomeres: think and thin

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18
Q

Thick filaments

A

Central
Myosin (red)
Length of A band

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19
Q

Thin filaments

A

Lateral
Actin (blue)
Extend across I band into A band

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20
Q

Tropomyosin

A

rob-shaped protein, spiral around the actin core. Stabilize it and block myosin-binding sites.

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21
Q

Troponin

A

Globular-polypeptide complex
TnI: Inhibits, binds to actin
TnT: binds to tropomyosin, positions actin
TnC: binds calcium ions

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22
Q

Elastic filiments

A 
Giant protein titin
Extends from Z disc
Forms thick filament core
Holds think in place
Helps muscle spring back
23
Q

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

A

Interconnecting tubules surround each myofibril. Regulates calcium

24
Q

T Tubules

A 
Transverse, at each A band I band junction
Increase muscle fibers surface area
continuous with extra cellular space
Encircle each sarcomere
Ensures synchronized contraction
25
Terminal Cisterns
"end sacs" Perpendicular cross channels at A-I band junctions Involved in energy production
26
Triad Relationship
T tubules, SR and Terminal Cisterns. T-tubules: act as voltage sensors SR: gated channels through which terminal cisterns release Ca2+
27
Sliding filament model of contraction
During contraction thin filaments slide past thick so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree.
28
Neuromuscluar junction (NMJ)
or end plate, is a synapse between a muscle cell and neuron. Only one per each muscle fiber, located midway.
29
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft and open NA+ and K+ channels. Triggers action potential.
30
Achetylcholinestrase
enzyme that breaks down ACh and prevents continues muscle fiber contraction.
31
Excitation-Contraction Coupling (E-C)
1. AP moves along sarcolemma & down T tubules 2. Ca ions are released 3. Ca bind to troponin & removes tropomysin 4. Contraction begins
32
Cross bridge cycle
1. Cross bridge forms, myosin head attached to actin 2. Power stroke, myosin bends and pulls actin towards M line, low energy 3. Cross bridge breaks, ADP attaches and weakens link 4. Cocked position, myosin returns to high energy state.
33
Muscle tension
Isometric: load does not move Isotonic: Load moves
34
Motor unit
One or more neurons and all the muscle fibers it supplies.
35
Muscle twitch
Muscles responce to single action potential 1. Latent period:first few ms after stimulation 2. Period of contraction: peak tension 3. Period of relaxation: reentry of Ca into SR muscle tension returns to 0
36
Graded muscle response
Variations needed for proper control of muscle contractions
37
Muscle response to changes in stimulus frequancy
* Single stimulus =single twitch * unfused tetanus wave/temporal summation: second contraction begins before the first begins * Fused tetanus: no relaxation between frequencies.
38
Muscle response to changes in stimulus strength
* Sub-threshold: no response * Threshold: contracts more and more as stimulus increases. * Maximal: strongest & all motor unit muscles are recruited
39
Two Isotonic contractions
Concentric: muscle shortens and does work Eccentric:muscle generates force as it lengthens.
40
Muscle tone:
Involuntary muscle contraction that maintains posture and protects joints.
41
3 ways to provide energy for contraction
1. Direct phosphorylation 2. Anaerobic pathway 3. Aerobic pathway
42
Direct Phosphorylation
Coupled reaction of Creatine Phosphate and ADP Uses no O2, Creates 1 ATP Lasts 15 seconds
43
Anaerobic pathway
Glycolysis & Lactic acid formation No O2 needed 1 ATP per glucose Lasts 30-40 seconda
44
Aerobic pathway
Cellular respiration Uses O2 Produces 32 APT per glucose Lasts hours
45
Muscle fatigue
Inability to contract.
46
For muscles to return to resting state:
1. O2 reserves replenished 2. Lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid 3. Glycogen stores replaced 4. ATP and CP replaces
47
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Extra O2 the body needs to restore (Oxygen debt)
48
Heat production
40% of energy is converted into useful work and the rest is lost as heat.
49
Force of muscle contraction
1. Number of muscles stimulated 2. Size of fibers 3. Frequency of stimulation 4. Degree of muscle stretch
50
Muscle fiber types
Slow oxidative fibers Fast oxydative fibers Fast glycolytic fibers
51
Slow Oxydative Fibers
``` For endurance activities Contracts slowly Uses O2 Fatigue resistant small and red with many mitochondria and capillaries ```
52
Fast Oxydative Fibers
``` For Sprinting Contracts fast Mostly Aerobic red/pink, medium size Many mitochondria and capillaries ```
53
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
``` Short-term intense movements Fast contraction Anaerobic glycolysis Fast fatigue White, Large Few mitochondria and capilaries ```

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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