CNS Ch 12

Question 1

Sensory receptors

Answer 1

Specialized to respond to changes in environment called stimuli

Question 2

Classification by stimulus type

Answer 2

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors 
Nociceptors

Question 3

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 3

Respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Question 4

Photoreceptors

Answer 4

Respond to light, such as those in the retina.

Question 5

Chemoreceptors

Answer 5

Respond to chemicals in solution ( molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)

Question 6

Nociceptors

Answer 6

Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain (extremes of cold and heat, excessive pressure and inflammatory chemicles

Question 7

Classification by location

Answer 7

Exteroceptors: Outside the body
Internoceptors: Within the body
Proprioceptors:

Question 8

Proprioceptors

Answer 8

Occure in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissues or bones and muscles

Question 9

Simple receptors of general sences

Answer 9

Non-encapsulated (free) nerve endings

Encapsulated nerve endings

Question 10

Non-encapsulated nerve endings

Answer 10

Non-mylinated, small diameter and have knob like distal ends
Nearly everywhere, abundant in epithelial and connective tissue.
Examples: Tactile (merkel) disk in skin and Hair follicle receptors

Question 11

Encapsulated nerve endings

Answer 11

ONe or more fiber terminal enclosed in connective tissue capsule
Tactile corpuscles
Lamellar corpuscle
Bulbous corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Tendon organs
Joint kinethetic receptors

Question 12

Somatosensory system

Answer 12

Part of the sensory system serving the ody wall and limbs. Receives input from exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors

Question 13

3 levels of neural integration

Answer 13

Receptor level: sensory receptors
Circuit level: processing in ascending pathways
Perceptual level: processing in cortical sensory areas

Question 14

Perceptual detection

Answer 14

Ability to detect that stimulus has occured

Question 15

Magnitude estimation

Answer 15

Ability to detect how intense the stimuli is

Question 16

Spatial discrimination

Answer 16

Ability to identify the site and pattern of stimuli

Question 17

Feature abstration

Answer 17

The ability to identify multiple features of an object

Question 18

Quality discrimination

Answer 18

Ability to identify submodalities of a sensation, eg. sweet or bitter.

Question 19

Patter recognition

Answer 19

Ability to recognize a familiar or unfamiliar pattern, or a special significance.

Question 20

Visceral Pain

Answer 20

Results from noxious stimulation of receptors in thorax or abdomen.
Vague, dull, aching or burning

Question 21

Referred pain

Answer 21

Arises from one part of the body but is perceived in another part.

Question 22

Nerve

Answer 22

Cord like organ, consists of multiple fascicles full of axons and a blood supply

Question 23

Nerve structure

Answer 23

Endoneurium: encloses each axon
Perineurium: surrounds each fascicle
Epineurium: encloses all fascicles, outer sheath of nerve.

Question 24

Regeneration of PNS nerves

Answer 24

1. Axon fragments at injury site
2. Macrophages clean out the dead axon
3. Schwann cells form regeneration tube and axon sprouts grow through tube.
4. Axon regenerates and new myelin sheath forms

Question 25

I Olfactory

Answer 25

Tiny nerve filaments of sense of smell | SENSORY ONLY

Question 26

II Optic

Answer 26

SENSORY ONLY, nerve of vision, outgrowth of the brain so it is actually a tract.

Question 27

III Oculomotor

Answer 27

MOTOR ONLY, "eye mover", supplies the 4 extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball up down and inward.

Question 28

IV Trochlear

Answer 28

MOTOR ONLY, "pulley" innervaed the extrinsic eye muscle that rotate eye inferolaterally

Question 29

V Trigeminal

Answer 29

SENSORY & MOTOR to the face and chewing muscles

Question 30

VI Abducens

Answer 30

MOTOR. Controls eye abduction

Question 31

VII Facial

Answer 31

MOTOR & SENSORY, controls muscles of facial expression

Question 32

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Answer 32

SENSORY, for balance and hearing.

Question 33

IX Glossopharyngeal

Answer 33

SENSORY & MOTOR for tongue and pharynx

Question 34

How many spinal nerve pairs are there

Answer 34

``` 31 8 cervical (C1-C8) 12 thoracic (T1-T12) 5 lumbar (L1-L5) 5 sacral (S1-S5) 1 coccygeal (C0) ```

Question 35

DAVE

Answer 35

Dorsal root = Afferent, Ventral root = Efferent

Question 36

Nerve Plexis

Answer 36

Ventral rami branch and join one another laterally forming complicated interlacing nerve networks

Question 37

Cervical Plexus

Answer 37

C1-C4 Under SCM mostly supply cutaneous nerves and muscles of anterior neck

Question 38

Phrenic nerve

Answer 38

Fibers from C3, C4 & C5 | motor and sensory for the diaphragm

Question 39

Brachial Plexus

Answer 39

Nerves that innervate upper limb | C5-C8 and T1

Question 40

Really Tired Drink Coffee

Answer 40

Brachial plexus branches from medial to lateral: 1) Roots 2) Trunks 3) Divisions 4) Cords

Question 41

Nerves of brachial plexus

Answer 41

``` Axillary Musculocutaneus Median Ulnar Radial ```

Question 42

Axillary

Answer 42

innervated deltoid, teres minor, shoulder skin and joint

Question 43

Musculocutaneus

Answer 43

Biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis

Question 44

Median

Answer 44

5 muscles of lateral palm, pronates foreare, flex wrist and thumb and index finger

Question 45

Ulnar

Answer 45

Medial part of forearm and the last 3 fingers, flexors not supplied by median nerve

Question 46

Radial

Answer 46

Extend the elbow, supinate forearm, extend wrist and fingers, and abduct the thumb.

Question 47

Lumbosacral Plexus

Answer 47

L1-L4 Within Psoas major muscle Innervates abdominal wall and psoas muscle, anterior and medial thigh

Question 48

Femoral nerve

Answer 48

Largest terminal nerve in lumbar plexus | Innervates quadriceps and knee extensors.

Question 49

Obturator nerve

Answer 49

innervates adductor muscles through obturator foramen

Question 50

Sacral plexus

Answer 50

L4-S4 | Innervates butt ox lower limb pelvic structures and perineum

Question 51

Sciatic nerve

Answer 51

Largest nerve in sacral plexus thickest and longest in the body supplies entire lower limb except anteromedial thigh.

Question 52

Hilton's Law

Answer 52

Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement also innervates the joint and skin over the joint.

Question 53

Hierarchy of motor control

Answer 53

Precommand Projection Segmental

Question 54

Precommand level

Answer 54

Highest level, cerebellum and basal nuclei, programs and instructions.

Question 55

Projection level

Answer 55

Middle level, motor cortex and brain stem nuclei (vestibular and reticular formation ect)

Question 56

Segmental Level

Answer 56

Lowest level, Spinal cord,contains central pattern generators.