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A&P 241 > CNS Ch 12 > Flashcards

CNS Ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized to respond to changes in environment called stimuli

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2
Q

Classification by stimulus type

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors 
Nociceptors
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3
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light, such as those in the retina.

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5
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals in solution ( molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)

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6
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain (extremes of cold and heat, excessive pressure and inflammatory chemicles

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7
Q

Classification by location

A

Exteroceptors: Outside the body
Internoceptors: Within the body
Proprioceptors:

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8
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Occure in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissues or bones and muscles

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9
Q

Simple receptors of general sences

A

Non-encapsulated (free) nerve endings

Encapsulated nerve endings

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10
Q

Non-encapsulated nerve endings

A

Non-mylinated, small diameter and have knob like distal ends
Nearly everywhere, abundant in epithelial and connective tissue.
Examples: Tactile (merkel) disk in skin and Hair follicle receptors

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11
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A 
ONe or more fiber terminal enclosed in connective tissue capsule
Tactile corpuscles
Lamellar corpuscle
Bulbous corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Tendon organs
Joint kinethetic receptors
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12
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Part of the sensory system serving the ody wall and limbs. Receives input from exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors

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13
Q

3 levels of neural integration

A

Receptor level: sensory receptors
Circuit level: processing in ascending pathways
Perceptual level: processing in cortical sensory areas

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14
Q

Perceptual detection

A

Ability to detect that stimulus has occured

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15
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

Ability to detect how intense the stimuli is

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16
Q

Spatial discrimination

A

Ability to identify the site and pattern of stimuli

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17
Q

Feature abstration

A

The ability to identify multiple features of an object

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18
Q

Quality discrimination

A

Ability to identify submodalities of a sensation, eg. sweet or bitter.

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19
Q

Patter recognition

A

Ability to recognize a familiar or unfamiliar pattern, or a special significance.

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20
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Results from noxious stimulation of receptors in thorax or abdomen.
Vague, dull, aching or burning

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21
Q

Referred pain

A

Arises from one part of the body but is perceived in another part.

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22
Q

Nerve

A

Cord like organ, consists of multiple fascicles full of axons and a blood supply

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23
Q

Nerve structure

A

Endoneurium: encloses each axon
Perineurium: surrounds each fascicle
Epineurium: encloses all fascicles, outer sheath of nerve.

24
Q

Regeneration of PNS nerves

A
  1. Axon fragments at injury site
  2. Macrophages clean out the dead axon
  3. Schwann cells form regeneration tube and axon sprouts grow through tube.
  4. Axon regenerates and new myelin sheath forms
25
Q

I Olfactory

A

Tiny nerve filaments of sense of smell

SENSORY ONLY

26
Q

II Optic

A

SENSORY ONLY, nerve of vision, outgrowth of the brain so it is actually a tract.

27
Q

III Oculomotor

A

MOTOR ONLY, “eye mover”, supplies the 4 extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball up down and inward.

28
Q

IV Trochlear

A

MOTOR ONLY, “pulley” innervaed the extrinsic eye muscle that rotate eye inferolaterally

29
Q

V Trigeminal

A

SENSORY & MOTOR to the face and chewing muscles

30
Q

VI Abducens

A

MOTOR. Controls eye abduction

31
Q

VII Facial

A

MOTOR & SENSORY, controls muscles of facial expression

32
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear

A

SENSORY, for balance and hearing.

33
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

SENSORY & MOTOR for tongue and pharynx

34
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there

A 
31
8 cervical  (C1-C8)
12 thoracic (T1-T12)
5 lumbar (L1-L5)
5 sacral (S1-S5)
1 coccygeal (C0)
35
Q

DAVE

A

Dorsal root = Afferent, Ventral root = Efferent

36
Q

Nerve Plexis

A

Ventral rami branch and join one another laterally forming complicated interlacing nerve networks

37
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1-C4
Under SCM
mostly supply cutaneous nerves
and muscles of anterior neck

38
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Fibers from C3, C4 & C5

motor and sensory for the diaphragm

39
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Nerves that innervate upper limb

C5-C8 and T1

40
Q

Really Tired Drink Coffee

A

Brachial plexus branches from medial to lateral:

1) Roots
2) Trunks
3) Divisions
4) Cords

41
Q

Nerves of brachial plexus

A 
Axillary
Musculocutaneus
Median
Ulnar 
Radial
42
Q

Axillary

A

innervated deltoid, teres minor, shoulder skin and joint

43
Q

Musculocutaneus

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis

44
Q

Median

A

5 muscles of lateral palm, pronates foreare, flex wrist and thumb and index finger

45
Q

Ulnar

A

Medial part of forearm and the last 3 fingers, flexors not supplied by median nerve

46
Q

Radial

A

Extend the elbow, supinate forearm, extend wrist and fingers, and abduct the thumb.

47
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

L1-L4
Within Psoas major muscle
Innervates abdominal wall and psoas muscle, anterior and medial thigh

48
Q

Femoral nerve

A

Largest terminal nerve in lumbar plexus

Innervates quadriceps and knee extensors.

49
Q

Obturator nerve

A

innervates adductor muscles through obturator foramen

50
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

Innervates butt ox lower limb pelvic structures and perineum

51
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Largest nerve in sacral plexus
thickest and longest in the body
supplies entire lower limb except anteromedial thigh.

52
Q

Hilton’s Law

A

Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement also innervates the joint and skin over the joint.

53
Q

Hierarchy of motor control

A

Precommand
Projection
Segmental

54
Q

Precommand level

A

Highest level, cerebellum and basal nuclei, programs and instructions.

55
Q

Projection level

A

Middle level, motor cortex and brain stem nuclei (vestibular and reticular formation ect)

56
Q

Segmental Level

A

Lowest level, Spinal cord,contains central pattern generators.

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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