Chapter 11, Muscular System

Question 1

Types of muscles

Answer 1

Parallel: biceps brachii
Convergent: pectoralis major, rectus abdominous, supinator
Pennare: rectus femoris, deltoid,
Circular: orbicularis oris

Question 2

Parallel muscles

Answer 2

Fascicles are parallel to the long axis

Question 3

Convergent muscles

Answer 3

Fascicles extent over a large surface area and converge at a common attachment point. Muscle fibers pull in different directions rather than one in parallel.

Question 4

Pennate muscles

Answer 4

Form a common angle with their tendon and contract at an angle. Do not move their tendon as much as parallel muscles. Produce more tension because they contain more muscle fibers.
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

Question 5

Circular muscles

Answer 5

Circularly located around an opening, also called sphincters and guard body openings

Question 6

Purpose of a lever

Answer 6

Attaching to a muscle a lever can modify force, speed, or direction of movement.
A lever is a ridged structure such as bone-that moves on a fixed fulcrum

Question 7

3 important things about levers

Answer 7

They can change:

1. direction of an applied force
2. distance and speed of movement produced by an applied force
3. effective strength of applied force

Question 8

First class lever

Answer 8

Pry bar
Fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load
Example: neck

Question 9

Origin

Answer 9

Fixed attachment to a bone, cartilage or connective tissue

Question 10

Insertion

Answer 10

The site where the movable end attaches to another structure

Question 11

Ways to define muscles based on their functions

Answer 11

Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator

Question 12

Agonist

Answer 12

Prime mover, a muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing a movement

Question 13

Antagonist

Answer 13

A muscle whose action opposes the action of an agonist

Question 14

Synergist

Answer 14

Contracts to help a larger agonist work efficiently

Question 15

Fixator

Answer 15

A synergist that assists an agonist by preventing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist

Question 16

Descriptive terms used to name skeletal muscle

Answer 16

Location in the body
Origin and insertion
Fascicle organization
Posisiton
Structural characteristics
Action

Question 17

Muscles of the axial

Answer 17

Head and neck
Vertebral column
Oblique and rectus muscles
Pelvic floor

Question 18

Second class lever

Answer 18

The load lies between the applied force and the fulcrum, wheelbarrow
Body example Heel lift

Question 19

Third class lever

Answer 19

The applied force is between the load and the fulcrum, catapult
Biceps curl

Question 20

Muscles of the mouth in facial expression

Answer 20

Buccinator: compresses cheeks
Depressor libii inferiois: depresses lower lip
Levator libii superiois: elevates upper lip
Levator anguli oris: smile muscle
Mentalis: elevated and prodrudes lowe lip ( pout muscle)
Orbicularis oris: compresses purses lips
Risorius: draws corner of the mouth to the side
Depressor anguli oris: depresses corner of the mouth
Zygomatic major: retracts and elevates corner if the mouth
Zygomatic minor: retracts and elevates upper lip

Question 21

Muscles of the eye in facial expression

Answer 21

Corruegator supercilii: wrinkles eye brow
Levator papebrae superioris: elevates upper eye lid
Orbicularis oculi:closes eyes

Question 22

Muscles of the nose in facial expression

Answer 22

Procerus: moves nose and changes position and shape of the nostrils
Nasalis: Compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose and elevates corners of nostrils

Question 23

Muscle of the ear in facial expression

Answer 23

Temporoparietalis: tenses scalp, moves auricle of ear

Question 24

Muscles of scalp in facial expression

Answer 24

Occipitofrontalis: raises eyebrows wrinkles forehead

Occipital belly: tenses and retracts scalp

Question 25

Neck muscle in facial expression

Answer 25

Patysma: tenses skin of the neck; depresses mandible; pulls lower lip down.

Question 26

Extrinsic eye muscles (6)

Answer 26

Inferior rectus: eye looks inferiorly
Medial rectus: eye looks medially
Superior rectus: eye looks superiorly
Lateral rectus: eye looks laterally
Inferior oblique: eye rolls, looks superior and laterally
Superior oblique: eye rolls, looks inferior and lateally

Question 27

Muscles of mastication

Answer 27

Masseter: elevates mandible and jaw closes
Tepmoralis: elevates mandible
Medial Ptergoids: elevates mandible, slides mandible from side to side (lateral excursion)
Lateral Ptergoids: Open jaw, protrudes mandible or preforms lateral excursion

Question 28

Muscles of the tongue

Answer 28

Genioglossus: depresses and protracts the tongue
Hypoglossus: depresses and retracts the tongue
Palatoglossius: elevates tongue and depresses soft pallet
Styloglossus: retracts the tongue and elevates the side of the tongue

Question 29

Muscles of the pharynx

Answer 29

Pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle and inferior): move food into the esophagus
Palatal muscles: tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini:elevate spft pallet and pull open the enterence to the auditory tube

Question 30

Rectus Muscles

Answer 30

Are important flexors of the vertebral column, acting in opposition to the erector spinae

Question 31

Scalene muscles

Answer 31

elevate the first two ribs and assist in the flexion of the neck