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A&P 241 > Chapter 10 muscle tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10 muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

6 functions of skeletal muscles

A 
Produce skeletal movement 
Maintain posture and body position
Support soft tissues
Guard body entrances and exits
Maintain body temperature
Store nutrients
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2
Q

Organization of the skeletal muscle

A 
Muscle fiber (cell)
Muscle Fascicle ( bundle of fibers)
Skeletal muscle (organ)
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3
Q

3 layers of connective tissue in muscles

A

Epimysium: dense layer of colligen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle
Perimysium:divides muscle into bundles of fibers called fascicles.
Endomysium: delicate, flexible and elastic connective tissue that surrounds each individual cell.

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4
Q

Each endomysium contains (3)

A
  1. capillary network that supply blood to the muscle
  2. myosatillite stem cells that help repair damaged muscle
  3. nerve fibers that control the muscle
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5
Q

Features of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Enormous
Multinucleated
Striated: contain thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments
A muscle cell is formed by myocytes that fuse together as a fetus.

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6
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Has membrane potential due to more negative cytoplasmic side and more positive extracellular side

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7
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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8
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

Narrow tubes whose surfaces are continuous with the sacroplasm and extend deep into the sarcoplasm. Electrical impulses called action potentials travel along the T tubules and trigger the muscle fiber to contract

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

Cylindrical fiber within the muscle fiber that contains actin, myocin and titin–elastic myofilaments associated with the thick filaments.

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10
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

tubular network around each myofibril that is similar to a smooth ER.

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11
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Expanded chambers of the SR that form on either side of the T tubules. Contains 40,000 times the Ca+ as cytosol. .
Muscle contraction begins when the Ca+ is released into the cytosol

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12
Q

Triad

A

A combination of 2 terminal cisternae with a t tubule in the center

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13
Q

Sarcomeres contain (4):

A

The smallest functional units of the muscle fiber and contain:
1. thick filaments
2. thin filaments
3. proteins that stabilize the position of thick and thin filaments
4. proteins that regulate the interactions between thick and thin filaments
Each sarcomeres have dark A bands and light I bands

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14
Q

A bands

A

Contain regions of overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments. Within the A band is:

  1. The M line-in the center of the A band, help stabilize the position of the thick filaments
  2. The H band- the light region on each side of the M line, contains thick filaments but no thin
  3. The zone of overlap- 3 thick surround each thin and 6 thin surround each thick. Triads are located in this zone
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15
Q

I bands

A

Region of the sarcomere that contains thin but no thick

Z lines bisect each I band and mark the boundary between each sarcomere

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16
Q

Titin

A

Extend from the tips of the thick filaments and attach to the Z line.

  1. Helps keep thick and thin filaments in proper allignment
  2. Aids restoring sarcomere length after contraction
17
Q

Thin filaments

A

Contain 4 proteins: F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin and troponin
F-actin in a double helix held together by a central nebulin
G- actin are the molecules that contain the active site for myocin to bind
Troponin-tropomyosin complex prevents myocin from binding

18
Q

Tropomyocin

A

Covers the active sites on G-actin and prevents actin-myocin interaction

19
Q

Troponin

A

Molecule that consists of 3 globular sub-units that bind to tropomyosin and G actin and a third binds to two Ca+ ions. When Ca+ binds to troponin it releases tropomyocin complex which exposed the active site for myocin.

20
Q

5 levels of organization in skeletal muscle

A 
Sarcomere 
Myofibril
Muscle fiber
Muscle fascicle 
Skeletal muscle
21
Q

Thick filaments

A

Contains about 300 myocin molecules that are composed of a myosin tail and a double head on a hinge. The tails are twisted together and the head faces the nearest thin filament.

22
Q

Cross- bridges

A

When the myosin heads interact with the thin filaments during contraction

23
Q

What happens when the skeletal muscle contracts (4 steps)

A
  1. H bands and I bands of the sarcomere narrow
  2. The zones of overlap widen
  3. Z lines move closer together
  4. The width of the A bands remains constant
24
Q

Events at the neuromuscular junction (5)

A
  1. ACh is released in the from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft
  2. ACh stimulates an action potential that travels along the length of the axon
  3. Action potrntial reached the axon terminal and releases ACh by exocytosis
  4. ACh binds o the motor end plate of the muscle and alters the cells permeability to Na+
  5. Influx of Na+ creates action potential in sacrolemma then
25
Q

Excitable membranes

A

Permit rapid communication between different parts of the cell
Cells on the inner surface are slightly negative compared to cells in the outer surface
This creates typical resting membrane potentials of -70 mV and -85 mV
Contain voltage gated channels that are activated and inactivated by changes in membrane potential.

26
Q

Excitation contraction coupling (6 steps)

A

The generation of action potential in the sarcolemma and the start of a muscle contraction:

  1. Neural Control
  2. Excitation
  3. Release of Calcium ions
  4. Contraction Cycle Begins
  5. Sarcomere Shortening
  6. Generation of Muscle Tension
27
Q

^ steps of the contraction cycle and cross bridge formation

A
  1. Contraction cycle begins
  2. Active site exposure
  3. Cross bridge formation
  4. Myosin head pivoting
  5. Cross bridge detachment
  6. Myosin reactivation
28
Q

2 factors that affect muscle tension produced

A
  1. the fibers resting length at the time of stimulation, which determines the degree of overlap
  2. the frequency of stimulation, which affects the internal concentration of Ca+ and the amount of bound troponin
29
Q

3 phases of a twitch

A
  1. latent:
  2. contraction phase
  3. relaxation phase
30
Q

The amount of tension produced in a whole muscle is determined by (2 things)

A
  1. The tension produced by a single muscle fiber

2. The total number of muscle fibers stimulated

31
Q

Motor unit

A

All the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron

32
Q

Isotonic Contractions

A

Tension increases and muscle length changes:
Concentric: The muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle shortens
Eccentric contraction: the peak tension developed is less than the load and the muscle elongates due to contraction of another muscle or gravity

33
Q

Isometric Contractions

A

Muscle as a whole does not change length and the tension produced never exceeds the load

34
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A

Relatively small
Single centrally placed nucleus
Typically branched
No triads
SR lack terminal cisternae
More sensitive to changes in extracellular Ca+
Each cardiac muscle cell contacts other cells by intercalated discs

35
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Gap junctions and desmosomes

36
Q

Cardiac muscle functional differences

A
  1. Automaticity
  2. Nervous system can alter the rate
  3. Contractions last 10x longer
  4. Cannot produce tetanic contractions
37
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

Forms sheets, bundles and sheaths around other tissues
Non striated
Involuntary
Long and slender
Spindle shaped
No T tubules
Thick filaments are scattered throughout
More myosin heads per thick filament
Thin filaments are attached to dense bodies

38
Q

Smooth muscle functional differences

A
  1. Free calcium in cytoplasm triggers contraction
  2. Tension and resting length are not related (plasticity is the ability to function over a wide range)
  3. Multiunit smooth muscle cells and visceral smooth muscle which is not connected to a motor unit
  4. Smooth muscle tone can be controlled by both multiunit and visceral smooth muscle as well as hormonal or chemical factors

A&P 241 (18 decks)

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