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My Cardiology > Special circulation > Flashcards

Special circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions of endothelial cells and astrocytes

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2
Q

What makes up the tight junctions in the blood brain barrier

A

Claudins, occludins and JAM

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3
Q

What makes up the adherens junctions in the blood brain barrier

A

cadherins and beta catenins

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4
Q

blood brain transport is directly proportional to what and indirectly proportional to what

A

directly proportional to lipid solubility and inversely proportional to charge, water solubility and molecular weight

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5
Q

Two examples of molecules that have to be selectively transported across the BBB

A

Glucose and amino acids

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6
Q

Examples of fat-soluble substances that can cross the BBB

A

alcohol, nicotine, caffeine

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7
Q

The active transport of which molecule across the BBB allows for the synthesis of serotonin in the brain

A

tryptophan

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8
Q

What does high pH and low CO2 cause in cerebral arteriolar smooth muscle

A

make the cerebral arteriolar smooth muscle contract

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9
Q

What is the importance of the skeletal muscle redistributing blood flow away from muscle to the GIT

A

Increases

in GI motility, digestion and absorption.

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10
Q

True or false

there is no parasympathetic innervation of aterioles in skeletal muscle circulation

A

True; there is only sympathetic innervation. Vasodilation occurs only by reduced sympathetic input

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11
Q

Arteriole diameter in skeletal muscle circulation is controlled by which neurotransmitter

A

norepinepherine

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12
Q

Systemic arteriole have an abundance of which type of receptor

A

alpha adrenergic

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13
Q

What is released from skeletal muscle arterioles at the BEGINNING of exercise to increase blood flow

A

release of Ach and M3-mediated release of NO

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14
Q

What is released from skeletal muscle DURING exercise to increase blood flow

A

local production of lactic acid

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15
Q

What is the blood flow mechanism underlying fainting

A

sudden emotional shock causes M3 mediated release of NO which causes blood to pool in the skeletal muscles of the lower limb and thus results in fainting

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16
Q

What kind of receptors are on coronary arterioles of epicardium produce vasoconstriction.

A

alpha-adrenergic

17
Q

Coronary blood flow to the left ventricle is almost zero during ______(systole or diastole)

A

Systole

18
Q

Blood is shunted to and from which layers of the heart during sytole

A

From the epicardium via vasoconstriction to the endocardium via vasodilation

19
Q

MI during exercise injures endocardium that extends to the myocardium and epicardium usually produces what change to the ST segment

A

elevation of the ST segment

20
Q

Injury to the endocardium alone usually produces what

change to ST segment

A

depression of the ST segment

21
Q

Which type of arteries supply most of the heart muscle

A

epicardial arteries

22
Q

Which layer of heart has a the greater oxygen demand and flow

A

the endocardium

23
Q

What is another name for non-transmural ischemia

A

subendocardial ischemia

24
Q

What is a systolic injury current

A

results from a greater depolarization in healthier cells

25
Q

The arterioles of the visceral splanchnic circulation possess what kind of receptors

A

alpha adrenergic receptors

26
Q

pressure flow autoregulation only occur in a metabolically active liver which is during which state?

A

Postprandial

27
Q

Which organ an hepatic pressure autoregulation occur

A

liver

28
Q

Which vessel contributes 2/3 of the total hepatic blood flow

A

Portal vein

29
Q

signs of portal hypertension

A
  1. esophageal varices
  2. caput medusae
  3. hemorrhoids
  4. marked ascites
  5. hypersplenism (thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia)
30
Q

What kind of circulation with arteriovenous anastomoses do villi of the GIT have

A

side by side/parallel

31
Q

How is sepsis related to hypoxic villi

A

Hypoxic villi can break off and all partially digested food and bacteria into the circulation leading to sepsis

32
Q

Which three factors can cause constriction of vessels in the skin

A

cold, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

33
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus can be inhibited to produce vasoconstriction

A

anterior nucleus

34
Q

Which receptor is responsible for low skin temperature in smokers

A

Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs)

35
Q

Which four factors can cause constriction of vessels in the skin

A

heat
beta-adrenergic receptor
M3 Ach receptor leads to NO release
decrease in posterior hypothalamic nucleus

36
Q

What kind of mechanism is sweating

A

sudomotor mechanism

37
Q

With type of sympathetic fibers are sweat glands innervated by

A

adrenergic (for vasoconstriction) and cholinergic (M3 for N release and vasodilation)

My Cardiology (21 decks)

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