Cardiovascular changes during exercise

Question 1

What are 5 adjustments our body makes to exercise

Answer 1

Cardiovascular responses

Respiratory Responses

Skeletal muscle and bone responses

Immune responses

Body fluid and salt changes

Question 2

Which parameter can be used to indicate cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 2

Maximal 2 consumption

Question 3

What is the equation for maximal O2 consumption

Answer 3

VO2 max = max. Q x max. a-vO2

Question 4

Factors affecting maximal oxygen consumption

Answer 4

Heredity, age, sex, body size and composition, training status, types of muscle fibers used during exercise, altitude, temperature

Question 5

What are the acute cardiovascular responses to exercise

Answer 5

Redistribution of Blood Flow (local vs neural)

Increased heart rate

Increased stroke volume

Increased cardiac output

Changes in blood pressure

changes in venous return

Question 6

Which organs get a reduced blood flow during acute exercise

Answer 6

liver, kidneys, GI track

Question 7

Which tissues get a increased blood flow during acute exercise

Answer 7

coronary muscle, skin, cerebral tissues, skeletal muscle

Question 8

sympathetic outflow causes selective arteriolar vasoconstriction to which tissues

Answer 8

liver, inactive muscles and splanchnic regions

Question 9

Sympathetic outflow acts on which receptors to constrict arterioles during acute exercise

Answer 9

alpha 1-adrenergic receptors

Question 10

In exercising muscle, what overrides any sympathetic vasoconstricting effects, and causes arteriolar vasodilation

Answer 10

Local metabolites

Question 11

increase in which vasoactive metabolites during exercise aid in dilation of blood vessels

Answer 11

↑ nitric oxide (NO)
↑ K+
↑ release of adenosine
↑ H+
↑ CO2
↑ T°

Question 12

decrease in which vasoactive metabolites during exercise aid in dilation of blood vessels

Answer 12

↓ O2

↓ pH

Question 13

In which tissues is there a biphasic response in blood flow during acute exercise

Answer 13

Cutaneous circulation (skin)

vasoconstriction then vasodilation

Question 14

Heart rate increases at the beginning of exercise and levels of at what point

Answer 14

When exercise is at a constant pace

Question 15

What are the two equation to predict the maximum heart rate

Answer 15

Standard equation: Max HR = 220 – age

Alternate equation: Max HR = 210 – (age x 0.65)

Question 16

Which four things can increase stroke volume

Answer 16

increased preload

increased venous return

increase contractility

decreased TPR

Question 17

Increase in SV causes a change in systolic or diastolic blood pressure

Answer 17

Systolic

Question 18

What causes venous return to increase during exercise

Answer 18

The contraction of skeletal muscle around the veins

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system produces venoconstriction

Question 19

What causes TPR to decrease during exercise

Answer 19

Vasodilation in skeletal muscle

Question 20

What causes blood plasma volume to increase during exercise

Answer 20

Increased skin blood flow and an increase in sweating,

Increased blood pressure forces water from the vascular system to the interstitial spaces

Question 21

Decrease in blood plasma volume results in a decrease in which cardiac output variable during exercise

Answer 21

SV

Question 22

During rest exercise and recovery, in which stage is O2 supply greater than O2 demand

Answer 22

Recovery

Question 23

Where is the most oxygen stored in the body

Answer 23

Combined with hemoglobin in the blood

Question 24

The O2 debt during exercise must be repaid to which two systems

Answer 24

The phosphagen (ATP-creatine phosphate) system and the lactic acid system

Question 25

What is the extra O2 used for during recovery

Answer 25

Lactic acid O2 debt (8 L): removal of lactic acid

Alactacid O2 debt (3.5 L): all other sources as described above

Question 26

What are the cardiovascular adaptations to chronic exercise

Answer 26

Cardiac Hypertrophy and Increased Stroke Volume

Lower Resting and Working Heart Rate

Increased Cardiac Output at VO2 max

Increased Blood Volume and Hemoglobin Levels

Increased a-vO2

Increase in VO2 max

Question 27

Endurance training leads to what kind of change in cardiovascular anatomy

Answer 27

thicker walls and greater volume

Question 28

Resistance training leads to what kind of change in cardiovascular anatomy

Answer 28

thicker walls only

Question 29

What are the benefits of having a lower resting and working heart rate

Answer 29

reduces resistance to blood flow and strain on heart

increased stroke volume increases efficiency

hate rate return to normal faster

Question 30

What causes an increase in a-VO2 during chronic exercise

Answer 30

increases on mitochondria,

capillary density,

hemoglobin

myoglobin

Question 31

What are the 4 major causes of muscle fatigue

Answer 31

Inadequate energy delivery/metabolism

Accumulation of metabolic by-products

Failure of muscle contractile mechanism

Altered neural control of muscle contraction

Question 32

What is the lactate threshold

Answer 32

point at which blood lactate accumulation increases markedly

Question 33

What is the anaerobic threshold

Answer 33

as the VO2 at which anaerobic metabolism contributes significantly towards the production of ATP

Question 34

Which threshold is a non invasive estimate of cardiovascular function

Answer 34

anaerobic threshold

Question 35

What does a low anaerobic threshold indicate

Answer 35

early hypoxia of exercising muscles – Suggests cardiovascular or pulmonary vascular limitation