Blood and Hemopoiesis Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
4 functions of blood
A
Transport
Homeostasis
Hemostasis
immunity
2
Q
What percentage of our total body weight does blood account for
A
8%
3
Q
What percentage of blood is plasma
A
55%
4
Q
What is the name of the layer of centrifuged blood that contains the platelets
A
Buffy coat
5
Q
List the plasma proteins
A
Albumin, Gloublin, Fibrinogen
6
Q
What is the function of albumin
A
maintains colloid osmotic pressure
7
Q
What is the function of gloublin
A
transports protein and for immunity
8
Q
What is the function of fibrinogen
A
coagulation
9
Q
What is the other name for red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes
10
Q
What is the other name for red blood cells
A
Leukocyte
11
Q
What is the other name for platelets
A
Thrombocytes
12
Q
What are the two main types of leukocytes
A
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
13
Q
What is found in the formed elements layer of blood
A
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes
14
Q
Examples of granulocytes
A
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
all the ones “philled” with granules
15
Q
Examples of agranulocytes
A
Monocytes and lymphocytes
16
Q
True or False:
There are more leukocytes than platelets in the blood
A
False.
There are ~5,000-10,000 leukocytes and 140,000-340,000 platelets
17
Q
Long-lived tissue phagocytes are made by which organ fetally
A
Yolk sac
18
Q
T cells are made by which organ
A
Thymus
19
Q
Which fetal organ does hematopoiesis 16 days to 10 wks gestation
A
Yolk sac
20
Q
Which fetal organ does hematopoiesis 6 wks gestation to birth
A
Liver
21
Q
Which fetal organ does hematopoiesis 5 mths gestation to death
A
bone marrow
22
Q
maturing blood cells are released into the blood stream through which structure
A
Vascular sinus walls
23
Q
Which bones in the body produce the MOST blood
A
Vertebrae and pelvis
24
Q
Which bones in the body produce the LEAST blood
A
Tibia and femur
25
Which soluble factor guides the development of hematopoietic stem cells
Cytokines
26
What changes occur during erythropoiesis
Reduction in size
Increase in the amount of cytoplasm
Decrease in the size of nucleus
Staining changes
Disappearance of nucleus
27
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis
Erythropietin
28
What is the main stimulus for erythropoietin
Hypoxia
29
Which organ secretes the most erythropoietin
Kidney
30
Which two organs secrete erythropoietin
Liver
31
5 factors that can cause decreased oxygenation
low blood volume
anemia
low hemoglobin
poor blood flow
pulmonary disease
32
Which 2 dietary factors are needed for maturation of RBCs
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
33
What process does folic acid and vitamin B12 acid in, during RBC maturation
DNA synthesis & cell division
34
What condition results due to a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12
macrocytic anemia/ pernicious anemia/ megoblastic anemia
35
Which molecule aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC maturation
Intrinsic factor (released from parietal cells)
36
At which cell level in erythropoiesis does globin synthesis begin
At the proerythroblast level
37
What is the hemoglobin concentration in red cell cytosol
~5.5mM
38
List some proteins used to maintain the shape of red blood cells
Actin, spectrin, ankyrin, band 4.1, band 3
39
What is the purpose of the band 3 protein used to maintain the shape of RBCs
Cl-HCO 3 exchange
40
What are the advantages of RBCs being shaped like biconcave discs
Larger surface area to volume ratio
Maximizes diffusion area and minimizes intracellular diffusion distances
41
Increase in which immature RBC is an indication of erythropoiesis
Reticulocytes
42
What are the three morphological changes that can occur in RBCs
Change in shape
Change in size
Change in color
Immature cells
43
What are the three types of RBCs according to size
Microcytes
Normocytes
Macrocytes
44
What are the two types of RBCs according to colo
Normochromic and hypochromic
45
What are the two metabolic pathways which occur in RBCs
Glycolysis and Pentose shunt
46
In RBCs, which glycolytic intermediate is used to generate NADPH
Glucose-6-phosphate
(can be remembered by saying, if it's the pentose pathway that we get NADPH, we are going to need something with a little more than 5)
47
Which molecule in RBCs plays a role in oxygen dissociation
has 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
| D word helps with dissociation
48
Which substance protects RBCs against oxidant damage
glutathione
49
What is the second most abundant membrane protein in RBCs
AQP1
50
Which molecule contribute more than half of the CO 2 permeability of the RBC membrane
AQP1
51
What are the two molecules contained within heme
iron and protopophyrin
52
True or False, oxygen binds irreversibly to iron in the heme molecule
False, oxygen binds reversibly
53
how many heme molecules are in 1 hemoglobin molecule
4
54
how many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule carry
4 molecules of oxygen (8 atoms, remember O2)
55
What kind of polypeptide chains is each hemoglobin molecule made up of
2α & 2β
56
How many amino acids does each alpha and beta chain have in the hemoglobin molecule
141 and 146 respectively
57
What are the 2 types of adult hemoglobin
HbA1: 2α & 2β chains
HbA2: chains 2α & 2δ chains
58
What kind of chains is the fetal hemoglobin made of (HbF)
2α & 2γ chains
*remember alpha always, beta becomes, gamma goes
59
True or False, iron absorption is very slow
True
60
Which molecule is essential for the formation of hemoglobin
Iron
61
What is the life span of a RBC
120 days
62
What is the name of the system in which destruction of RBCs occur
Reticuloendothelial system
63
What is hematocrit
Fraction of blood volume that is red cells
64
What kind of patients have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
patients with infection, autoimmune and inflammatory disease
65
What calculation is used to calculate the average volume of each RBC
Mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
66
What calculation is used to calculate the average hemoglobin content of each RBC
Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)
67
What calculation is used to calculate the average Hgb content in the mass of circulating RBCs
Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
68
What are 2 causes of anemia
deficiency of hemoglobin due to decreased RBCs and decreased hemoglobin in the cells
69
What are the types of anemia
Blood Loss Anemia.
Aplastic Anemia Due to bone marrow
dysfunction.
Megaloblastic Anemia.
Hemolytic Anemia.
70
5 effects of anemia on the CVS
```
Blood viscosity decreases
Increased cardiac output
tissue hypoxia
increase in CO
extreme hypoxia in exercising tissue
```
71
What are the two types of Polycythemia
```
Secondary Polycythemia.
Polycythemia Vera (Erythremia).
```
72
4 effects of polycythemia on the CVS
increased blood viscosity
increased blood volume
normal cardiac output
increased arterial pressure
73
Where on RBCs are antigen (agglutinogens)
On the surface of the RBCs
74
Where are antibodies found
Blood plasma
75
How many blood group antigens are there
300
76
What are the 2 main blood group systems
ABO system and Rh system
77
What are the 4 blood types according to the ABO system
A, B, AB, O
78
On which macro molecules are ABH antigens seen
glycoproteins and glycolipids
79
ABH antigens are synthesized in a stepwise fashion by which enzyme
glycosyltransferases
80
determines antigen specificity
The terminal sugar
81
Which sugar is the precursor for A and B antigen
Fucose
82
Which blood group has H antigens only
O group
83
Which molecule is added by A-transferase in blood groups
N -acetyl- d -galactosamine
84
Which molecule is added by B-transferase in blood groups
d -galactose
85
What age is the peak of antibody production
5-10 years
86
Which antibody causes transfusion reactions following ABO-incompatible transfusions
IgM
87
The ABO blood group gene is found on which chromosomes
Autosomal chromosomes
88
How many copies of the ABO gene does each person have
2 (1 from each parent)
89
Which blood group does not have any antibodies in the plasma
AB group
90
The Rh factor is a system composed primarily of which antigens
C, D, and E
91
Which antigen is the most antigenic component and hence given the term Rh-positive
D antigen
92
True or False, Rh negative persons have no D antigen in their plasma but has anti-D agglutinin
False, Rh-negative individual has no D antigen and no anti-D agglutinin
93
Which Rh type is more common
Rh positive
94
True or False:
Anti-D antibodies do not develop without exposure of a D-negative individual to D-positive red cell
95
What is the underlying basis of Rh hemolytic diseases
If a mother is Rh negative and is pregnant with a Rh positive child, cells from the child will enter the mother's blood stream and she will develop anti-D antibodies 2-4 months after.
When she becomes pregnant again with another Rh positive child, her anti-D antibodies will attack the fetus
96
When do the anti-D antibodies develop on a Rh negative person
after exposure to Rh positive cells from a positive individual
97
How long after exposure to a Rh positive individual do Rh anti-D antibodies in a Rh negative person reach its maximum concentration
2- 4 months after exposure
98
What are the three methods of blood typing
ABO typing, Rh typing and cross matching
99
Which blood group is the universal donor
O group
100
Which blood group is the universal acceptor
AB
101
What are the 6 types of transfusion reactions
```
acute hemolytic
febrile reactio
allergic
hypervolemic
septic
transfusion-related acute lung injury
```
102
What is the antibody found in Oh (Bombay) individuals
Potent anti H (can only be transfused with H-RBCs)
