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Blood and Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of blood

A

Transport
Homeostasis
Hemostasis
immunity

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2
Q

What percentage of our total body weight does blood account for

A

8%

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3
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma

A

55%

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4
Q

What is the name of the layer of centrifuged blood that contains the platelets

A

Buffy coat

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5
Q

List the plasma proteins

A

Albumin, Gloublin, Fibrinogen

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6
Q

What is the function of albumin

A

maintains colloid osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What is the function of gloublin

A

transports protein and for immunity

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8
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen

A

coagulation

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9
Q

What is the other name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

What is the other name for red blood cells

A

Leukocyte

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11
Q

What is the other name for platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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12
Q

What are the two main types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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13
Q

What is found in the formed elements layer of blood

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes

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14
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

all the ones “philled” with granules

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15
Q

Examples of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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16
Q

True or False:

There are more leukocytes than platelets in the blood

A

False.

There are ~5,000-10,000 leukocytes and 140,000-340,000 platelets

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17
Q

Long-lived tissue phagocytes are made by which organ fetally

A

Yolk sac

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18
Q

T cells are made by which organ

A

Thymus

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19
Q

Which fetal organ does hematopoiesis 16 days to 10 wks gestation

A

Yolk sac

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20
Q

Which fetal organ does hematopoiesis 6 wks gestation to birth

A

Liver

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21
Q

Which fetal organ does hematopoiesis 5 mths gestation to death

A

bone marrow

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22
Q

maturing blood cells are released into the blood stream through which structure

A

Vascular sinus walls

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23
Q

Which bones in the body produce the MOST blood

A

Vertebrae and pelvis

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24
Q

Which bones in the body produce the LEAST blood

A

Tibia and femur

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25
Q

Which soluble factor guides the development of hematopoietic stem cells

A

Cytokines

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26
Q

What changes occur during erythropoiesis

A

Reduction in size

Increase in the amount of cytoplasm

Decrease in the size of nucleus

Staining changes

Disappearance of nucleus

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27
Q

Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis

A

Erythropietin

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28
Q

What is the main stimulus for erythropoietin

A

Hypoxia

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29
Q

Which organ secretes the most erythropoietin

A

Kidney

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30
Q

Which two organs secrete erythropoietin

A

Liver

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31
Q

5 factors that can cause decreased oxygenation

A

low blood volume

anemia

low hemoglobin

poor blood flow

pulmonary disease

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32
Q

Which 2 dietary factors are needed for maturation of RBCs

A

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

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33
Q

What process does folic acid and vitamin B12 acid in, during RBC maturation

A

DNA synthesis & cell division

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34
Q

What condition results due to a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12

A

macrocytic anemia/ pernicious anemia/ megoblastic anemia

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35
Q

Which molecule aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC maturation

A

Intrinsic factor (released from parietal cells)

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36
Q

At which cell level in erythropoiesis does globin synthesis begin

A

At the proerythroblast level

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37
Q

What is the hemoglobin concentration in red cell cytosol

A

~5.5mM

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38
Q

List some proteins used to maintain the shape of red blood cells

A

Actin, spectrin, ankyrin, band 4.1, band 3

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the band 3 protein used to maintain the shape of RBCs

A

Cl-HCO 3 exchange

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40
Q

What are the advantages of RBCs being shaped like biconcave discs

A

Larger surface area to volume ratio

Maximizes diffusion area and minimizes intracellular diffusion distances

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41
Q

Increase in which immature RBC is an indication of erythropoiesis

A

Reticulocytes

42
Q

What are the three morphological changes that can occur in RBCs

A

Change in shape
Change in size
Change in color
Immature cells

43
Q

What are the three types of RBCs according to size

A

Microcytes
Normocytes
Macrocytes

44
Q

What are the two types of RBCs according to colo

A

Normochromic and hypochromic

45
Q

What are the two metabolic pathways which occur in RBCs

A

Glycolysis and Pentose shunt

46
Q

In RBCs, which glycolytic intermediate is used to generate NADPH

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

(can be remembered by saying, if it’s the pentose pathway that we get NADPH, we are going to need something with a little more than 5)

47
Q

Which molecule in RBCs plays a role in oxygen dissociation

A

has 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

D word helps with dissociation

48
Q

Which substance protects RBCs against oxidant damage

A

glutathione

49
Q

What is the second most abundant membrane protein in RBCs

50
Q

Which molecule contribute more than half of the CO 2 permeability of the RBC membrane

51
Q

What are the two molecules contained within heme

A

iron and protopophyrin

52
Q

True or False, oxygen binds irreversibly to iron in the heme molecule

A

False, oxygen binds reversibly

53
Q

how many heme molecules are in 1 hemoglobin molecule

54
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can 1 hemoglobin molecule carry

A

4 molecules of oxygen (8 atoms, remember O2)

55
Q

What kind of polypeptide chains is each hemoglobin molecule made up of

56
Q

How many amino acids does each alpha and beta chain have in the hemoglobin molecule

A

141 and 146 respectively

57
Q

What are the 2 types of adult hemoglobin

A

HbA1: 2α & 2β chains

HbA2: chains 2α & 2δ chains

58
Q

What kind of chains is the fetal hemoglobin made of (HbF)

A

2α & 2γ chains

*remember alpha always, beta becomes, gamma goes

59
Q

True or False, iron absorption is very slow

60
Q

Which molecule is essential for the formation of hemoglobin

61
Q

What is the life span of a RBC

62
Q

What is the name of the system in which destruction of RBCs occur

A

Reticuloendothelial system

63
Q

What is hematocrit

A

Fraction of blood volume that is red cells

64
Q

What kind of patients have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

patients with infection, autoimmune and inflammatory disease

65
Q

What calculation is used to calculate the average volume of each RBC

A

Mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)

66
Q

What calculation is used to calculate the average hemoglobin content of each RBC

A

Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)

67
Q

What calculation is used to calculate the average Hgb content in the mass of circulating RBCs

A

Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

68
Q

What are 2 causes of anemia

A

deficiency of hemoglobin due to decreased RBCs and decreased hemoglobin in the cells

69
Q

What are the types of anemia

A

Blood Loss Anemia.

Aplastic Anemia Due to bone marrow
dysfunction.

Megaloblastic Anemia.

Hemolytic Anemia.

70
Q

5 effects of anemia on the CVS

A 
Blood viscosity decreases
Increased cardiac output
tissue hypoxia
increase in CO
extreme hypoxia in exercising tissue
71
Q

What are the two types of Polycythemia

A 
Secondary Polycythemia.
Polycythemia Vera (Erythremia).
72
Q

4 effects of polycythemia on the CVS

A

increased blood viscosity
increased blood volume
normal cardiac output
increased arterial pressure

73
Q

Where on RBCs are antigen (agglutinogens)

A

On the surface of the RBCs

74
Q

Where are antibodies found

A

Blood plasma

75
Q

How many blood group antigens are there

76
Q

What are the 2 main blood group systems

A

ABO system and Rh system

77
Q

What are the 4 blood types according to the ABO system

A

A, B, AB, O

78
Q

On which macro molecules are ABH antigens seen

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

79
Q

ABH antigens are synthesized in a stepwise fashion by which enzyme

A

glycosyltransferases

80
Q

determines antigen specificity

A

The terminal sugar

81
Q

Which sugar is the precursor for A and B antigen

82
Q

Which blood group has H antigens only

83
Q

Which molecule is added by A-transferase in blood groups

A

N -acetyl- d -galactosamine

84
Q

Which molecule is added by B-transferase in blood groups

A

d -galactose

85
Q

What age is the peak of antibody production

A

5-10 years

86
Q

Which antibody causes transfusion reactions following ABO-incompatible transfusions

87
Q

The ABO blood group gene is found on which chromosomes

A

Autosomal chromosomes

88
Q

How many copies of the ABO gene does each person have

A

2 (1 from each parent)

89
Q

Which blood group does not have any antibodies in the plasma

90
Q

The Rh factor is a system composed primarily of which antigens

A

C, D, and E

91
Q

Which antigen is the most antigenic component and hence given the term Rh-positive

92
Q

True or False, Rh negative persons have no D antigen in their plasma but has anti-D agglutinin

A

False, Rh-negative individual has no D antigen and no anti-D agglutinin

93
Q

Which Rh type is more common

A

Rh positive

94
Q

True or False:

A

Anti-D antibodies do not develop without exposure of a D-negative individual to D-positive red cell

95
Q

What is the underlying basis of Rh hemolytic diseases

A

If a mother is Rh negative and is pregnant with a Rh positive child, cells from the child will enter the mother’s blood stream and she will develop anti-D antibodies 2-4 months after.

When she becomes pregnant again with another Rh positive child, her anti-D antibodies will attack the fetus

96
Q

When do the anti-D antibodies develop on a Rh negative person

A

after exposure to Rh positive cells from a positive individual

97
Q

How long after exposure to a Rh positive individual do Rh anti-D antibodies in a Rh negative person reach its maximum concentration

A

2- 4 months after exposure

98
Q

What are the three methods of blood typing

A

ABO typing, Rh typing and cross matching

99
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor

100
Q

Which blood group is the universal acceptor

101
Q

What are the 6 types of transfusion reactions

A 
acute hemolytic
febrile reactio
allergic
hypervolemic
septic
transfusion-related acute lung injury
102
Q

What is the antibody found in Oh (Bombay) individuals

A

Potent anti H (can only be transfused with H-RBCs)

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