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Spain: Galicia and Castilla y Leon Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Manuel Quintano y Quintano? What did he do?

A

Holy guy in Rioja, late 18th century

Travelled to Bordeaux, brought back winemaking expertise and barriques

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2
Q

Which two noble Spaniards sought refuge in Bordeaux during Spanish civil wars?

A

Marques de Murrieta

Marques de Riscal

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3
Q

First Spanish region for a Consejo Regulador?

A

Rioja, 1926

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4
Q

Spain returned to a constitutional monarchy and democratic rule when?

A

mid 1970s

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5
Q

Spanish climate

A

Generally it’s warm but with extensive coastline, mountain ranges and large raised plateau,there are different climates.

north-west: maritime
south and east: metierannean, warm
meseta: continental

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6
Q

Climate in north-west Spain (eg Rias Baixas)

A

Influenced by Atlantic -> maritime

High rain

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7
Q

South and east of Spain: climate

A

directly face Mediterannean

Moderate Mediterannean climate with warm, dry summers, mild winters

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8
Q

Meseta is at what altitude?

A

600-900m

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9
Q

Climate of meseta in Spain?

A

continental
hot days, cool nights
heat moderated by altitude

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10
Q

What is the meseta?

A

Large raised plateau in Spain

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11
Q

Land under vine in Spain?

A

969,000ha

largest plantings in the world

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12
Q

Spain has largest plantings in the world (969,000ha). Is it the largest producer of wine by volume?

A

No, behind Italya dn Farnce

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13
Q

Five-year average volume production in Spain

A

39 million hectolitres

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14
Q

Spain has largest land under vine but is not largest volume producer. Why?

A

Lots of bush vines at low density, 1,000 vines per hectare = low yields

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15
Q

Mildew is a risk in Spain. Why?

A

Rain can fall in heavy storms
Rising temperatures after
Humidity and mildew

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16
Q

Regions in Spain that weren’t affected by phylloxera? So what?

A

Toro and Rueda

They have some very old, undrafted vines

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17
Q

Is average vineyard holding high or low in Spain?

A

Average is very small

66% of vineyards are less than 0.5ha

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18
Q

Account for low level of mechanisation in Spain, despite better understanding of vineyard management?

A

Average vineyard holding is very small

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19
Q

Most planted grape in Spain?

A

Airen

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20
Q

Most planted white grape and most planted black grape in Spain?

A

Airen

Tempranillo

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21
Q

Where is Airen mostly planted in Spain? For what?

A

Centre of Spain, Castilla-La Mancha

Inexpensive neutral whites, and Brandy de Jerez

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22
Q

Account for Tempranillo’s popularity among growers?

A

Medium to high yields, depending on the site

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23
Q

Tempranillo is early ripening. So what?

A

Makes it finest wines in warm climates w/ cooling influence (altitude, wind)

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24
Q

Garnacha Tintorera aka

A

Alicante Bouschet

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25
Macabeo planted mostly where in Spain, and used for what styles?
Catalunya Still wines for early consumption Main component in white Rioja (called Viura) Cava
26
Viura aka
Macabeo
27
Macabeo aka
Viura
28
Monastrell aka
Mourvedre
29
Monastrell grown mostly in which two Spanish regions
Valencia | Murcia
30
Why is Monastrell suitable for warm Mediterannean climate (eg Valencia)
Late ripening | Needs hate late in the growing season to fully ripen
31
Last 40 years in Spain have seen the rise in popularity of what style(s), made how?
``` Youthful, fruity red, white and rose Protective winemaking Stainless steel, temperature control Inert gases Cultured yeasts Some young reds: carbonic and semi-carbonic ```
32
Spanish government sets out rules for ageing times (Reserva, Gran Reserva etc). And what?
Individual DOs may be stricter, but cannot specify lower minimum ageing National rules: max capacity 330L, but individual DOs can do differently
33
Spanish NATIONAL rules for Crianza ageing
RED WINES 24 months, 6 in barrel WHITE AND ROSE 18 months, 6 in barrel
34
Spanish NATIONAL rules for Reserva ageing
RED WINES 36 months, 12 in barrel WHITE AND ROSE 24 months, 6 in barrel
35
Spanish NATIONAL rules for Gran Reserva ageing
RED WINES 60 months, 18 in barrel WHITE AND ROSE 48 months, 6 in barrel
36
Criticisms against Spanish national rules for ageing?
- too prescriptive - not prescriptive enough - doesn't reflect quality, just ageing - age and quality of oak not mandated - give little indication of style
37
What is "roble"?
Spanish for "oak" | labelling term increasingly used to indicate some (unspecified) oak ageing - usually less than for Crianza
38
Why do many Spanish regions traditionally uses American oak?
Strong trading relationships | Cheaper than French oak
39
French oak increasingly found in which Spanish regions?
Penedes Priorat Ribera del Duero
40
Spanish rosés traditionally what sort of colour? And what are they like now?
Traditionally deep colour Now: paler, Provencal trend but some producers still make deep ones with long skin contact (Lopez de Heredia)
41
Traditional producers e.g. Lopez de Heredia make their rose how?
Black and white grapes (mainly black) Macerated (sometimes continuing into the fermentation), pressed and fermented together Mature in oak for a long time -> lose fruit flavour, gain texture, complexity, secondary and tertiary
42
How many DOs in Spain?
70 | making up the vast majority of vineyard plantings
43
Name Spain's two DOCas
Rioja | Priorat
44
What is DOCa
Denominacion de Origen Calificada (aka DOQ, Catalan term) To apply for this status, DO must be established for min 10 years All wines bottled at producer's own property DO must have rules and regulations
45
Are DOCa and DOQ the same thing?
Yes, DOQ is the Catalan spelling
46
What is VP?
Vino de Pago Small number of single estates in Spain with high reputations, mostly in Castilla-La Mancha Approved estates use only their own grapes Vinified and matured at the estate Also within PDO category
47
Vino de Pago vs Grandes Pagos de Espana
two different things! Vino de Pago (VP) = single estates with high reputations Grandes Pagos de Espana = association of prestigious estates (some of which are VPs)
48
Spanish term for PGI?
VT | Vino de la Tierra
49
What is VT?
Vino de la Tierra | Spanish PGI category
50
How many VTs are there in Spain? What is the largest?
40 VTs | Largest: Castilla
51
Is bottling within the region mandatory for Spanish PDOs?
Mostly yes: Rioja and Priorat (DOCa) and most DOs | Some exceptions eg La Mancha => can ship in bulk
52
Are co-ops important in Spain? Why is that the case?
Yes, many regions are dominated by coops Spain has many producers with tiny landholdings Negociants also important
53
Largest wine producers (still, non-fortified) in Spain?
``` J. Garcia Carrion Felix Solis Avantis Pernod Ricard (Campo Viejo) Miguel Torres Bodegas Martin Codax ```
54
Spain is the world's largest exporter of wine. T/F
True! | 21 million hL in 2018
55
Spain is largest exporter of wine in the world, but what's the catch?
Average price per litre is lowest of any major exporting country (under half that of Italy; one fifth of France)
56
Bulk wine accounts for what % of Spain's exports?
56% of total exports
57
Most Spanish exports (56%) are in bulk. So what?
Lower selling price than bottled wine | Some value within supply chain going to foreign bottler (eg Kingsland, UK) rather than domestic producer
58
Main export markets (volume) for Spain?
France Germany Important markets for inexpensive wine
59
Largest DO in Galicia?
Rias Baixas | 4,000ha
60
How many growers in Rias Baixas?
5,500 growers | 4,000ha
61
How many wineries in Rias Baixas
170 small to very large, dominated by co-ops Martin Codax the biggest
62
What happened in Rias Baixas after phylloxera?
Vines replatned with hybrids and Palomino (!), which was high yielding
63
Climate in Rias Baixas
Maritime Most westerly DO in Spain, bordering the Atlantic Atlantic moderates temperatures: warm summers, mild winters High rainfall 1,700mm
64
There's a lot of rain in Rias Baixas. Mitigated by what?
Free draining soils (sand over granite bedrock) | Ensure the roots aren't sitting in water
65
Albarino is what % of Rias Baixas production?
95%
66
Why is Albarino well suited to damp climate in Rias Baixas?
``` Thick skins (less prone to rot) Early to mid-ripening - can ripen fully most years ```
67
Albarino style
High acid Medium (-) or medium body Medium alcohol Apple, lemon, grapefruit, peach, floral
68
Other grapes blended with Albarino in Rias Baixas?
Loureira Treixadeura Caino Blanco
69
Oldest subzone in Rias Baixas? (with most plantings and wineries)
Val do Salnés
70
What is Val do Salnés
Subzone of Rias Baixas Oldest, most plantings, most wineries Directly on the coast => coolest, wettest area Highest acid
71
Five subzones of Rias Baixas?
``` Val do Salnés O Rosal Concado do Tea Ribeira do Ulla Soutomaior ```
72
What is O Rosal
Subzone of Rias Baixas Along the River Mino Border with Portugal/Vino Verdhe: blends including Albarino, Loureira, Treixadura and Caino Blanco
73
Rias Baixas white wines: general style
high acid Medium (-) or medium body medium alcohol peach, melon, lemon
74
Quality producers in Rias Baixas
Pazo de Senorans | Palacio de Fefinanes
75
Name for pergola in Rias Baixas
Parral
76
What is parral?
Name for pergola training system in Rias Baixas
77
Why was parral/pergola popular in Rias Baixas, traditionally? What's an additional benefit
Allow the growth of other crops underneath | Benefit: when trained high, promotes air circulation, reducing fungal risk
78
There's a lot of VSP in Rias Baixas now. Why?
Allows for mechanisation
79
Winemaking in Rias Baixas is generally protective. Why? What does that involve?
Protect primary fresh fruit | Cool ferment steel
80
Sobre lins
On lees (Rias Baixas)
81
Typical time sobre lins/on lees for expensive Rias Baixas?
1-2 years Some for longer Usually not stirred (could introduce oxygen)
82
What % of Rias Baixas sales are exports?
25% 75% domestic, but exports growing USA biggest market, then UK
83
Where is Ribeiro DO? What's the climate and what grows there?
Galicia, Spain Maritime climate White wines from Treixadura
84
Where is Riberia Sacra DO? What's the climate, what grows there?
``` Galicia, Spain River Mino Further inland than Rias Baixas and Ribero Mainly continental climate Red wines eg Mencia ```
85
Mencia style (Ribeira Sacra DO)
Red cherry and raspberry Medium body Medium tannin Medium (+) acid
86
Where is Valdeorras DO? What's the climate? WHat grows there?
Galicia, Spain Most esaterly Galician DO Continental climate Godello and Mencia
87
Godello from Valdeorras DO: style
Citrus and stone fruit Herbal and wet stone Medium (+) acid Premium in oak, texture, toasty spice
88
Where is Monterrei DO?
Galicia, Spain | south of Ribeira Sacra DO
89
Other than Rias Baixas, name a few Galician DOs
Ribeiro DO Ribeira Sacra DO Valdeorras DO Monterrei DO
90
Castilla y Leon VT falls within what autonomous community of Spain?
Castilla y Leon
91
Climate in Castilla y Leon
Continental | Mountains
92
Key producer pushing quality in Bierzo DO?
Alvaro Palacios (and Ricardo Perez)
93
Account for Palacios' interest in Bierzo DO?
Slate slopes, like Priorat | 1990s
94
Key black grape in Bierzo DO?
Mencia
95
Mencia accounts for what % of plantings in Bierzo DO?
75%
96
When does Mencia ripen. So what?
Early to mid-ripening Can lose its characteristic medium (+) to high acid, quickly accumulate sugar => high alcohol wines if picked too late
97
Mencia must be what % of blend of red wine in Bierzo DO?
Min 70% Alicante Bouschet also (but only 2% of planting) in practice, many are 100% Mencia
98
What is Alicante Bouschet?
Red-fleshed variety gives deep colour red anc black berry fruit grown in Castilla la Mancha, Galicia and Bierzo
99
Where are the best vineyards in Bierzo DO? Why?
``` Hillside slopes 500-850m Good drainage Shallow, poor slate soils Limited vigour Altitude a cooling influence => slow sugar accumulation, retain acid while tannin develops ```
100
Why are bush vines common in Bierzo?
Steepness of slopes Age of some vineyards Old vines 80% of vines in Bierzo over 60 years old
101
Why are average yields low in Bierzo?
Old vines (80% over 60 years old) Poor soils Bush vines
102
Inexpensive and mid-priced Bierzo comes from where?
Flat plain and lower slopes Fertile silty loam soils High yields
103
How is inexpensive Bierzo made?
From fertile soils (plain and low slopes_ Carbonic or semi-carbonic unoaked
104
Best Bierzo comes from slopes. Style?
``` More concenrated than those from plain Medium to medium (+) body, tannins High alcohol RIpe red cherry, plum Floral, herbal Oak, spice ```
105
Top producers in Bierzo
Descendientes de J. Palacios | Raul Perez
106
Land under vine in Bierzo DO
3,000ha
107
How many growers in Bierzo DO?
2000 growers just 3,000 ha of vines lots of small plots
108
Why is machine harvesting rare in Bierzo?
2,000 growers and 3,000 ha => small plots, no economies of sclae
109
How significant are co-ops in Bierzo DO?
Very | Around 50% of growers associated with a co-op
110
How many wineries in Bierzo DO?
75 wineries | 2,000 growers; 3,000 ha under vine
111
Where is Toro DO located?
in the west of Castilla y Leon
112
What river runs through Toro?
River Duero
113
Climate in Toro DO
Continental Hot summer cold winter
114
Why does Toro have a high diurnal range. So what?
Continental climate altitude (620-750m) Cool nights retain acidity But frost can be a problem
115
What is Tinta de Toro?
Main grape in Toro DO Might be Tempranillo (no concensus) thicker skins that Tempranillo elsewhere
116
Why do Toro wines have greater colour and higher tannin than other Tempranillo wines in Spain?
Thicker skins!
117
Are Tinta de Toro and Tempranillo the same thing?
Unlcear Some say yes, some say no TdT has thicker skins
118
Red wines in Toro DO need to be what % of Tinta de Toro minimum?
75%
119
Rosé wines in Toro DO: grape(s)
Tinta de Toro | Garnacha
120
White wines in Toro DO: grape(s)
Malvasia | Verdejo
121
Toro: rainfall is low and irrigation not allowed. How do growers manage?
Plant at low density Low number of bunches per vine Max permitted density is low - 2,700 v/ha Bush vines mostly
122
Sandy soils in Toro. So what?
Phylloxera not an issue - some vines on their roots | Lots of old vines, some up to 100 yo
123
Vine density in Toro DO?
Low | Max density 2,700 v/ha
124
Account for Toro's high alcohol, tannin, ripe flavours, full body and deep colour
Warm growing season Intense sun Low yields
125
Cooling influences important in Toro to retain acidity. How can site selection impact this?
``` Cooler sites (slower ripening) found at higher altitude North-facing aspects are cooler ```
126
Max alcohol for Toro DO?
15% (reds) | Lower for whites and rosés
127
High-end producers in Toro DO
Numanthia | Teso La Monja
128
For oaked, premium Toro: American or French oak?
either/both
129
How has popularity of Ribera del Duero impacted Toro?
Toro DO has a long tradition, but location away from cities/ports limited its success Popularity of RdD (and rising land prices) => investors look to its nearby neighbour, Toro 20 wineries in 1998; 50 wineries today
130
First winery established in Ribera del Duero
Vega Sicilia | late 19th century
131
How many wineries in Ribera del Duero when it became a DO in 1982? How many today?
nine wineries in 1982 | 280 today
132
Significance of Pesquera
Alejandro Fernandez Wines won international acclaim 1980s Local producers inspired to bottle their own wine rather than sell to co-ops
133
Impact of frost in ribera del Duero
big problem Spring and autumn Limit the time grapes can be on vine Serious loss of yield
134
How is frost combatted in Ribera del Duero?
Heaters Vine spraying with water Helicopters
135
Rainfall is relatively low in Ribera del Duero. Can irrigation be used?
Yes at certain times of the year | Not during ripening
136
Name for Tempranillo in Ribera del Duero?
``` Tinto Fino (aka Tinta del Pais) ```
137
How does natural environment in Ribera del Duero give some complexity and balance?
Use of different sites Slight changes in climate or aspect Gain balance, complexity and ensure consistent yield
138
What % of Ribera del Duero is bush vines?
Around half | Newer vineyards planted on trellises now
139
Are there old vines in Ribera del Duero?
Yes 25% are over 50 years old Some over 100 years old
140
Average holding in Ribera del Duero?
1ha
141
What is Tinto Fino?
Tempranillo in Ribera del Duero | aka Tinta del Pais
142
Tinto Fino aka Tempranillo aka....
Tinta del Pais
143
What colour wine(s) can be made in Ribera del Duero DO?
Red, rosé and white | previously only red and rose
144
White Ribera del Duero DO must be 75% what grape?
Albillo Mayor
145
Red Ribera del Duero DO: blend
Min 75% Tempranillo (Tinto Fino) also: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Garnacha, Albillo (white) In reality: many 100% Tempranillo
146
Red Ribera del Duero DO style
Full bodied High alcohol Ripe blackberry, plum, vanilla, chocolate
147
French or American oak in Ribera del Duero?
French is popular | Can be a blend of the two though
148
Use of new oak in Ribera del Duero?
Can be 50-100% for high-end wiens
149
Ribera del Duero has seen a trend towards less extractive winemaking. So what?
Less time on skins after fermentation Less new oak Fresher style
150
Producers in Ribera del Duero
Dominio de Pingus | Bodegas Aalto
151
What % of Ribera del Duero is exported? To where?
20% | Switzerland, Mexico, USA, Germany, China
152
Rueda traditionally made oxidative fortified whites. What producer recognised potential for Verdejo to be made in fresh, fruity style?
Marques de Riscal early 1970s Their investment was transformative
153
Climate in Rueda
Similar to Toro and Ribera del Duero Hot, dry summers Cold winters Low rainfall
154
Altitude in Rueda is 700-800m. So what?
Cool nights retain acidity in grapes
155
Limestone and clay soils in Rueda. So what?
Bedrock of limestone. Sandy clay sub-layer and topsoil of stones and sand. => free draining and low in organic matter. REDUCES VIGOUR
156
Key grape in Rueda?
Verdejo
157
Verdejo well suited to warm, dry Rueda. Why?
Relatively drought resistant | Withstand the lack of rainfall
158
Verdejo style
``` Medium to medium (+) acid Medium alcohol Apple, pear, peach Herbal (fennel) Bitterness on finish ```
159
Second most important grape in Rueda (after Verdejo)
Sauvignon Blanc
160
Most expensive Rueda in a producer's range may be what style, made how?
``` Fermented and/or matured in oak More body and texture Aromatic complexity: toasty, smoke Malo avoided = retain acidity producers: Ossian and Bodega Belontrade y Lurton ```
161
Rueda DO: to be labelled with grape (Verdejo, Sauvignon), need to have what % of that grape
85% | commonly 100%
162
Many producers label wines as DO Rueda when they could qualify as eg DO Rueda Verdejo (because of min 85% Verdejo). Why?
Producers use it to denote their least expensive wine
163
Is Rueda white only?
No, small amount of red and rosé (Tempranillo) | competition from Toro adn Riebra del Duero v high
164
Development of land under vine in Rueda recently?
Vineyard has expanded, production quadrupled from 2000-2019
165
Producers from outside Rueda make a lot of Rueda. How much is made by local producers vs outsiders (eg Rioja producers)
60% from local producers | 40% from outsiders, eg a Rioja producer who wants a white Rueda in their portfolio
166
Sales trend for Rueda?
Increased substantially | 7x growth in sales value from 1997-2016
167
Where is Castilla y Leon VT located?
northern part of the meseta, protected from Atlantic influence
168
Climate in Castilla y Leon VT
Continental
169
What wines can be made in Castilla y Leon VT
Loads | Many grape varieties, local and international
170
Land under vine in Castilla y Leon VT
It's a very big area covering lots of other DOs BUT actual plantings for VT wines is quite low : 9,000ha (vs. 63,000ha of DO vineyards within its boundaries)

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