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D3 KID > Chile > Flashcards

Chile Flashcards

1
Q

Chile independence from Spain affected wine how?

A

Chileans free to exploit their mineral resources => ploughed profits into vineyards

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2
Q

Silvestre Ochagavia Echazarreta did what?

A

Imported vines from Bordeaux to Chile

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3
Q

Pais is known as what in Argentina?

A

Criolla Chica

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4
Q

Early, unsophisticated Chilean wines made in an oxidative style from what varieties?

A

Pais

Muscat

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5
Q

What forms Chile’s borders?

A

North: Atacama Desert
East: Andes
West: Pacific Ocean
South: glaciers of Patagonia

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6
Q

Chile vineyard area stretches from which Valley in north to which valley in south?

A 
Elqui Valley (north)
Malleco Valley (south)

(though some vineyards now in Atacama Desert, further north)

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7
Q

Climate in Chile

A

Warm Mediterranean

Long dry and sunny growing season

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8
Q

Does Chile’s climate vary from north to south?

A

No not really
Warm Mediterannean throughout
Becomes wetter further south

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9
Q

Comment on rain in Chile?

A

It varies
North and inland -> drier (Elqui gets 80mm)
South -> rainier (Bio Bio gets 1,200mm)

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10
Q

What does El Nino do to Chile?

A

Occurs every 2-10 years

Higher than average rain

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11
Q

What does LA Nina do to Chile?

A

Much lower rain than average

Drought

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12
Q

Cooling influences in Chile. So what?

A

Pacific Ocean and Andes
=> Lengthen the growing season
=> retain acidity and aromas

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13
Q

Chile: Significant stretch of low mountains (300-800m) along coast. So what?

A

barrier against Ocean influence

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14
Q

What does the Humbolt Current do to Chile?

A

Flows up from Antartica bringing cold water and cool air
Warm air rises from land during day, coola it sucked inland
Also morning fog => moderates temperatures, raises humidity

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15
Q

Chile: soils in river valleys

A

fertile, alluvial

clay, sand, silt and gravel

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16
Q

Chile: soils on slopes

A

less fertile than river valleys

more gravel, sand and silt

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17
Q

Chile: soils in Andes

A

volcanic, mainly granite

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18
Q

Is there much limestone in Chile?

A

No, most f it in Limaryi Valley

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19
Q

Land under vine in Chile

A

137,000ha

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20
Q

Account for big fluctuations in Chile production?

A

effect of El Nino

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21
Q

Dry and sunny conditions in Chile mean what?

A

Ideal for producing healthy, fully ripe grapes

Intense sun => high tannins, anthocyanins

fungal risk low

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22
Q

Comment on sustainable practice in Chile

A

generally fungal risk is low, little need to spray
considerable takeup of organic etc

BUT coastal areas => humidity => spraying

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23
Q

What % of Chilean vineyards are irrigated? Why?

A

85%

Low rainfall

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24
Q

Parts of Chile that AREN’T irrigated?

A

85% of vineyards are irrigated
but

Itata, Bio Bio and Maule are not
=> enough rainfall, old vines w/ deep roots can survive drought

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25
Q

Source of pure water for irrigation in Chile?

A

Melting snow from the Andes (and river valleys)

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26
Q

Impact of climate change on irrigation water in Chile?

A

Rising temepratures => less snow on Andes => less water available for irrigation

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27
Q

Comment on forest fires in Chile

A

Big hazard
Commercial forestry a big industry!
Large plantations of pine/euclapytus => big fire threat

Not usually a direct issue for vineyards but can cause smoke taint

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28
Q

Is phylloxera present in Chile? So what?

A

No => geographical barriers and strict quarantine rules

Lots of old undrafted vines, eg bush vines of Pais, Msucat, Carignan and Cinsault

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29
Q

Phylloxera not present in Chile but grafted vines common for new vineayrds. Why?

A

Protect against nematodes

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30
Q

Proportion of machine harvest high or low in Chile?

A

Machines used for flat Central Valley (hard to get labour also)
but overall machine harvesting is not common

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31
Q

More black or white grapes in Chile?

A

3/4s black!

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32
Q

Most widely planted grape in Chile?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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33
Q

Most planted black and white grape in Chile?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Sauvignon Blanc

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34
Q

Chile: What has happened to Pais since the 1990s?

A

WAS most common grape in Chile until 1990s
=> inexpensive domestic wine

BUT

75% of Pais vines pulled up since 1980s (shift to int’l varieties)

NOW

A small revival => good quality wines from old vines (Maule, Itata, Bio Bio)

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35
Q

What was “Chilean Merlot”

A

misidentified Carmenere (discovered in 1994)

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36
Q

Waht grapes did Chileans misidentify as Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Sauvignonasse

Sauvignon Gris

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37
Q

Mid-price/premium Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon: style

A 
Full body
High, ripe tannin
Pronounced dark fruit: blackcurrant
Herbaceous mint, eucalyptus
New oak = toast, spice
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38
Q

Chile; best sites for Cabernet SAuvignon

A

traditionally near Andes
poorer soils than valley floor => control vigour
diurnal range => retain acid, slow ripening

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39
Q

Inexpensive Chilean Cabernet SAuvignon typically grown where?

A

Central Valley

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40
Q

Inexpensive Chilean Cabernet Sauvignon: style

A

Some dark fruit, herbaceous

Less structure, complexity, intensity

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41
Q

Inexpensive Chilean Merlot: style

A

Soft tannins
Medium body
Dark fruit
Popular on export markets!

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42
Q

Chilean Carmenere style

A

Full body
High tanin
Medium acid
Ripe blackberry, herbaceous (bell pepper, eucalyptus), spice, coffee, dark choc

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43
Q

Why is site selection important for Carmenere?

A

Ripens 2-3 weeks after Merlot
Needs warm (but not hot) sunny sites
otherwise: overly herbaceous, harsh tannin
if too ripe: overly alcoholic

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44
Q

Syrah from Colchagua Valley (warmer climate) style

A

Ful body

Intense, ripe black fruit

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45
Q

Chile: cooler climate Syrah style? (from eg San Antonio, Casablanca, Limari, Elqui)

A

High acid
Fresh black fruit
Pepper and clove

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46
Q

Chilean Pinot Noir best in cool climate areas like ___ and ___

A

Casablanca

San Antonio

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47
Q

Chilean Pinot Noir style

A

Red fruit, herbal

Medium to high alcohol

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48
Q

Chile’s most planted white grape

A

SAuvignon Blanc

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49
Q

Sauvignon Blanc best in warmer or cooler areas of Chile?

A

Best in cooler areas
eg Limari, Casablanca, San Antonio

High acid, citrus to tropical, mineral, herbaceous

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50
Q

Chilean Sauvignon Blanc style

A

High acid
Citrus to tropical flavours
Wet stones, herbaceous
Some lees contact/oak ageing

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51
Q

Central Valley, Chile, makes what style of Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Good quality, inexpensive

52
Q

Chilean Chardonnay best from what kind of climate? eg

A

Cool, coastal areas

eg Limari

53
Q

Limari Chardonnay style

A

medium (+) to high acid

citrus and stone fruit

54
Q

Chile’s 6 main “regional” DOs

A 
Atacama
Coquimbo
Aoncagua
Central Valley
Southern
Austral
55
Q

Hierarchy/taxonomy of Chilean vineyard areas

A

REGION eg Central Valley
SUB-REGION eg Rapel Valley
ZONE eg Colchagua
AREA eg Apalta

56
Q

Apalta (an area) is part of what zone?

A

Colchagua

57
Q

Three designations for Chilean valleys (E-W)

A

Costa (coastal influence)
Entre Cordilleras (between coast and Andes)
Andes (influenced by mountains)

Can be used on labels, but producers slow to adopt this system

58
Q

Chile: Significance of labelling terms “Superior”, “Reserva”, “Reserva Especial”, “Reserva Privada” and “Gran Reserva”?

A

Legally recognised but very little meaning (higher min alcohol levels)

59
Q

Grape % requirement to qualify for DO status in Chile?

A

75% from that DO

OR - 85% if exported to EU

60
Q

Chile’s four main wine-producing regions from north to south

A

Coquimbo
Aconcagua
Central Valley
Southern

61
Q

Coquimbo region: three DOs

A

Elqui
Limari
Choapa

62
Q

Elqui, Limari and Choapa are DOs in which Chilean region?

A

Coquimbo (furthest north)

63
Q

Altitude in Coquimbo is low. So what?

A

Elqui Valley is around 30 degrees south

Summer temperatures high, sunlight is intense

Cooling influence of mountains and Pacific are crucial (delay fruit ripening, give intense flavours and fresh acidity -> but alcohol is high)

64
Q

What does the Humboldt Current bring to Coquimbo Region?

A

Fogs and coolinh breezes

Doesn’t bring rain though -> Coquimbo on edge of Atacama Desert (World’s driest)

Irrigation essential

65
Q

Coquimbo located at edge of Atacama Desert. So what?

A

World’s driest desert
Little or no rainfall
Irrigation essential, but less water available (warmer climate less snow) => threat to region’s future as a wine region despite growing reputation

66
Q

Why is Coquimbo Region focused on small production, premium wine?

A

Difficult growing conditions

Hard area to access (coastal ranges and Andes merge)

67
Q

Chile’s northernmost wine region?

A

Elqui Valley (part of Coquimbo Region)

68
Q

Elqui gets morning fog further inland than elsewhere. So what?

A

Syrah and Sauv Blanc do well in fog-affected area

Cooling influence => high acidity, fresh fruit flavours

69
Q

Chile’s highest vineyards are located where? At what altitude?

A 
Elqui Valley (part of Coquimbo Region)
2,200m
70
Q

Limari has calcareous soils (Rare in Chile). So what?

A

they retain mositure

useful in desert-like conditions and drought years!

71
Q

Most planted grape in Limari?

A

Chardonnay

72
Q

Style(s) of Limari Chardonnay

A

Full range of styles

a) light body, high acid (coastal end)
b) riper, fruitier (further inland)

73
Q

Grapes grown in Limari

A

Chardonnay (#1)
Pinot Noir
Syrah
Warmer part in east: Bordeaux grapes

74
Q

Three important sub-regions of Aconcagua Region?

A

Aconcagua Valley
San Antonio Valley
Casablanca Valley

75
Q

Central part of Aconcagua Valley (warm and dry) makes what kind of wine?

A

Ripe, full-bodied reds
High alcohol and high tannin
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
Syrah and Carmenere

76
Q

Aconcagua Valley known for ripe, full-bodied reds. To make wines with lower alcohol etc, what are growers doing?

A

Move away from warm, dry valley floor

Cooler sites in easter and western ends of the valley

77
Q

What is Aconcagua Costa?

A

Coastal part of Aconcagua Valley

Morning fog and breeze => fresh white wines, Sauv and Chard; Pinot noir and cool-climate SYrah

78
Q

What is Aconcagua Andes?

A

eastern, Andes-influenced part of Aconcagua Valley
1,000m
sunny, warm days; cold nights (diurnal range)
red wines with ripe fruit and high acid

79
Q

Where is Casablanca Valley?

A

Sub-region south of Aconcagua Valley (part of Aconcagua Region)

80
Q

Climate in Casablanca Valley

A

one of Chile’s coolest regions
but it varies: westerly, low-lying areas are coolest
cold nights, threat of spring frost

81
Q

Casablanca Valley known for what kind of wines?

A

Whiet winse particularly Sauv Blanc and Chard

Also high-quality Pinot Noir, Syrah

82
Q

Flagship grape in San Antonio, Chile?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

83
Q

San Antonio is a sub-region of which Chilean region?

A

Aconcagua Region

84
Q

Where is Leyda Valley?

A

It’s a zone located within the San Antonio sub-region (part of Aconcagua Region)

85
Q

Why is Leyda Valley favourable for ripening grapes and retaining acid?

A

It’s near the coast

Foggy mornings, cool breezes and bright afternoon sun

86
Q

Most Chilean wine comes from what region?

A

Central Valley

87
Q

What makes Chile’s Central Valley suitable for inexpensive reds?

A

Coastal range shelters it from maritime influence
Warm, fertile, well-irrigated plains
Ripe, fruity inexpensive reds

88
Q

Is Chile’s Central Valley only for inexpensive wines?

A

NO

Lots of higher end producers and sub-regions etc

89
Q

Is “Central Valley” a common labelling term in Chile? Why?

A

Not really, only for inexpensive wines blended from multiple sub-regions

There are lots of prestigious sub-regions, zones etc to use on labels instead

90
Q

4 Sub-regions of Central Valley, Chile

A

Maipo Valley
Rapel Valley
Curico Valley
Maule Valley

91
Q

Where is Maipo Valley located?

A

Northnmost sub-region of Chile’s Central Valley Region

Surrounds city of Santiago

92
Q

Vinegrowing in Maipo Valley dates back to when?

A

1500s

around the time of Santiago being established

93
Q

Maipo Valley best known for black or white grapes? Which one in particular?

A

Domainted by black grapes
Cabernet Sauvignon the signature

Also: Carmenere, Syrah, inexpensive Merlot

94
Q

Maipo Valley Cabernet Sauvignon style

A

High, soft tannins

Intense cassis, mint

95
Q

What is Alto Maipo?

A

Area in Maipo Valley (containing Puento Alto and Pirque) known for super-preium wines

96
Q

Rapel Valley divided into two zones, what are they?

A

Cachapoal Valley

Colchagua Valley

97
Q

Rapel Valley not often seen on labels? Why?

A

It’s divided into two zones: Cachapoal and Colchagua

98
Q

What/where is Peumo?

A

Prestigious part of Cachapoal Valley (itself part of Rapel Valley, which is part of Central Valley)

99
Q

Peumo known for what kind of wine?

A

Full-bodied, concentrated Carmenere

100
Q

Apalta is located within what zone?

A

It’s prt of Colchagua Valley (itself part of Rapel Valley, part of Central Valley)

101
Q

Cachapoal Valley and Colchagua Valley are part of what sub-region?

A

Part of Rapel Valley (Central Valley)

102
Q

Example of a hilly area in central part of Colchagua Valley that can make premium/super-premium wines?

A

Apalta

103
Q

Signifciant producer in Colcaghua Valley?

A

Clos Apalta

104
Q

Why is Apalta a good zone for premium wine?

A

South-facing amphitheatre with cool breezes; south-facing slopes slow grape ripening

Poor soils reduce vigour

105
Q

Curico Valley known for what kind fo wine?

A

Inexpensive, high-volume reds

Warm fertile lands

106
Q

Which Central Valley sub-region has most plantings of all in Chile?

A

Maule Valley

107
Q

Maule Valley increasingly known for quality wines. Why?

A

Dry-framed vineyards and old vines

108
Q

Maule has significant stocks of old bush vines of which two grape varieties? And how old?

A

Pais and Msucat of Alexandria (among others)

100-200 years old

109
Q

Maule Valley: good-quality Pais style?

A 
Pale colour
Medium body
Medium acid
Strawberry and raspberry, spicy herbal
Generally low or medium (-) tannins, but can be roguh
110
Q

Pais can have rough tannins (albeit low or medium (-)). So what?

A

Gentle extraction and carbonic maceration used to soften ‘em

111
Q

Which Chilean sub-region has the msot Carignan?

A

Maule

old bush vines dating to 1940s

112
Q

Chile: what is VIGNO?

A

self-regulating growers’ association promoting old vine,dry farmed Carignan
from Cauquenes area (Maule Valley)

113
Q

Chilean Carignan style

A

Cauquenes area, Maule Valley
Raspberry, cherry, black plu, spicy
Medium (+) to high acid
Medium (+) to high tannin

114
Q

Three sub-regions within Chile’s Southern Region?

A

Itata Valley
Bio Bio Valley
Malleco Valley

115
Q

Why is Chile’s Southern Region cooler and wetter than rest of the country?

A

Coastal hills diminish as you go south

More rain = Bio Bio gets 1,000mm

116
Q

Itata Valley historically known for what kind of production?

A

Very cheap grapes for blending

But now: a revival, quality producers

117
Q

Bush vines account for what % of Itata Valley vineyards?

A

75%

Mostly Muscat of Alexandria and Pais

118
Q

Old vine Cinsaut in Itata Valley: style?

A

Medium alcohol
Fresh acid
Red and black fruits, liquorice, saline

119
Q

Bio Bio is seeing more interest in what grapes?

A

Elegant aromatic whites

Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Gewurztraminer

120
Q

Chile’s most southerly wine (sub)region?

A

Malleco Valley (part of SOuthern Region)

121
Q

Chile exports about what % of its production?

A

70%

122
Q

Chile has FTAs with what countries?

A

China and South Korea, notably

123
Q

Chile’s largest export market

A

China (there is an FTA between them)

124
Q

Chilean wine is dominated by which four companies?

A

Concha y Toro
Santa Rita
Santa Carolina
San Pedro

together: 80% of production

125
Q

Foreign (wine) investors in Chile?

A

Torres
Baron Philippe de Rothschild
Domaines Barons de Rothschild (Lafite)
Jackson Family Wines

126
Q

What is MOVI?

A

Chilean association of very small producers

D3 KID (35 decks)

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