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Canada Flashcards

1
Q

Land under vine in Canada

A

12,500ha

a relatively small player despite being the world’s second largest country!

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2
Q

Why is there not more land under vine in Canada given its massive size?

A

Most of the country not suitable for viticulture
High latitude
Extremes of temeprature

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3
Q

Two major (and two minor) provinces for Canadian wine?

A

Ontario and BC

Nova Scotia and Quebec

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4
Q

Two most important sub-regions for Canadian wine (one in Ontario, one in BC)

A

Niagara Peninsula, ON

Okanagan Valley, BC

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5
Q

When did Canadian icewine production start?

A

1970s

German immigrants!

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6
Q

Canada is world’s largest producer of icewine. T/F

A

True!

But it’s a small % of overall Canadian production

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7
Q

Which kind of vines were planted in Canada in the early days, before vinifera?

A

Early 19thC: v. labrusca (survive harsh winter)
early 20thC: French hybrids (Vidal Blanc!, still used)
1950s: Vinifiera first planted
1980s: vinifera becomes dominant

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8
Q

What prompted the push to quality in Canadian wine?

A

US-Canada trade deal
Opened Canada to imports from US
Removed subsidies from Canadian growers
Introduce VQA system

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9
Q

Canada experienced prohibition (1916-1927) but wine industry not affected. Why?

A

Wine was exempt!
Number of wineries actually increased
But monopolies are the result

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10
Q

Distance between ON and BC?

A

4,000km

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11
Q

Climate for Ontario and inland areas of BC

A 
Extreme continental climate
Hot summers (30C and above)
Freezing winters (-20C)
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12
Q

Canadian vineyards near lakes. So what?

A

Most vineyards near lakes

=> moderate temperatures
=> lake effect reduces the risk of winter freeze
=> water heats up slowly, delays budbraek, mitigate against spring frost
=> retains heat in summer, extending growing season

also: humidity -> fungal

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13
Q

Lakes in Canada increase humidity. So what?

A

Increase risk of fungal disease

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14
Q

What does snow do in Canada vineayrds?

A

Snow cover protects vines, insulate from cold air (winter freeze)
Winter freeze still an issue in coldest places eg Prince Edward County

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15
Q

Comment on drought in Canada

A

A regular concern for inland parts of BC (rain shadow of mountain ranges)
An issue in ON (hotter, drier years)

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16
Q

Canada has a very northerly latitude. So what?

A

Towards northern limit for viticulture
Shorter growing season
Longer daylight hours in summer (vs. USA)

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17
Q

Comment on canopy management for Canadian vineyards around lakes?

A

Humid areas
=> need an open canopy to improve air flow, reduce fungal risk
VSP most common
Some use Geneva Double Curtain, Scott Henry, Lyre

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18
Q

Vineyard pests in Canada

A

Insects (moths, mealy bugs, leafhoppers)
Birds
Deer
BEARS

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19
Q

Growing season in Canada; long, short or otherwise?

A

Shorter than most traditional regions

budbreak early May -> harvest late August (can continue to November, or Feb for icewine)

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20
Q

Irrigation in Canada?

A

Yes esp. in drought areas like Okanagan

Drip irrigation

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21
Q

How do growers in Prince Edward County protect their vines in winter?

A

Bury thm!
Labour intensive => add to production cost
Experiment with geotextiles

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22
Q

What are geotextiles

A

Fabrics draped over vines to protect against winter damage (eg Prince Edward County)

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23
Q

Okanagan and Similkameen Valley: what do growers do to protect vines in winter?

A

Push up level of soil around graft to protect them

Winters not as bitter as in ON

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24
Q

Hybrids account for what % of Candian vines?

A

Around 40% of harvest tonnage in 2018!

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25
What are hybrids used for in Canada?
International Canadian Blends (as opposed to VQA) | Icewine (Vidal)
26
Vidal suitable for Canadian Icewine why?
Winter hardy High acid (not as high as Riesling) Slow ripening Thick skins
27
Vidal style (Dry or sweet)
High acid Stone fruit, tropical fruit Peach mango
28
Key vinifera grapes in Canada, planted since 1980s onwards?
Bordeaux varieities (Merlot, Cab F and lesser extent Cab S) Chard Pinot Noir
29
Canadian wines tend to have high acid. Why?
Cool temperatures and/or high dirunal range
30
Canada: Examples of lower intervention techniques in winery?
Ambient yeasts Unfiltered wines Less new oak More neutral vessels
31
Is chaptalisation used in Canada?
yes sometimes - cooler regions, cooler years
32
Most Canadian Icewine produced in what province?
Ontario
33
Picking regulations for Canadian Icewine
Harvest at -8C or below | can be hand or machine - labour difficult so machine common
34
RS for Canadian icewine? Why?
200-250g/L | Freezing concentrates the sugars. Very high sugar level => ferment stops naturally at 9-11%, leaving high RS
35
Most Canadian Icewine from what grape? BEST Canadian Icewine from what grape?
Most from Vidal Most complex and well-balanced: Riesling
36
Grapes used for Canadian Icewine
Most common: Vidal Best quality: Riesling Also: Cab Franc, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, others
37
Yields for Canadian Icewine (vs. still wine harvest)
10% of a "Normal" harvest size
38
Account for extremely low yields for Canadian Icewine
``` Grapes dehydrating Damaged grapes Bad weather => lost grapes Rot Animals ```
39
Who owns the "Icewine" trademark? (Canada)
Canadian Vintners Association
40
When did Ontario introduce VQA legislation?
1988 | BC followed in 1990
41
VQA wines with a variety on label must be what % that variety?
85%
42
"International blend from imported and domestic wines" is what? (Canada)
Wine in Canada made in aprt from imported must or wine
43
Wines that don't qualify for VQA status can use what term on the label?
Product of Canada
44
Land under vine in Ontario
7,000ha | Canada has 12,500 total
45
Two Great Lakes in Ontario
Lake Erie | Lake Ontario
46
What do Ontario's Great Lakes do?
Moderate extremes of Ontario's continental climate
47
Account for high acid AND ripe fruit flavours in Ontario wines?
Lakes moderate extreme temperatures, cooling (high acid) | Long sunshine hours (ripe fruit flavours)
48
There's a lot of limestone around Ontario's lakes. From where?
Ancient seabed, exposed over a long period of glacial activity
49
Ontario makes what % of Canadian Icewine?
90%
50
What is the most planted variety in ontario?
Vidal | 90% of Canadian Icewine made here
51
Other than Icewine, what is the breakdown of still red and white VQA wine made in ON?
Equal parts red and white | About 4% rosé
52
Two most planted vinfiera grapes in Ontario?
Riesling | Chardonnay
53
Ontario Riesling style
high acid Citrus, peach, floral dry to sweet
54
Ontario Chardonnay style
medium (+) to high acid apple and citrus stone fruit and tropical (warmer sites/vintages)
55
Most planted black grape in Ontario?
Cabernet Franc
56
Cabernet Franc style in Ontario?
Elegant and fresh | Red plum, red berry, green pepper, herbal
57
What is Cab Franc used for in Ontario?
Single varietals and Bordeaux blends | Icewine
58
Black grapes grown in Ontario
Cab Franc Merlot Pinot Noir Gamay
59
Three primary appellations in Ontario
Niagara Peninsula Lake Erie North Shore Prince Edward County
60
Significant producers in Ontario
Inniskillin Peller Estates (and FLAT ROCK!!)
61
Niagara Peninsula has what % of Ontario vineyards?
80%
62
Describe the topography of Niagara Escarpment
a north-facing limestone bluff 100m above Lake Ontario | most vyds on benches located part way up the escarpment
63
Lake Ontario is very deep. So what?
It takes longer to warm up in spring Takes longer to cool down in autumn moderate temperature
64
Lake Ontario and Niagara Escarpment have what impact on temperatures?
Provide warming air flow in winter Provide cooling airflow in summer => longer growing season, reduced risk of fungal and frost
65
Niagara Peninsula has two regional appellations. What are they?
Niagara Escarpment | Niagara-on-the-Lake (Flat Rock!)
66
Niagara Escarpment is coolest part of Niagara Peninsula. Why? So what?
Combo of altitude and cooling lake breezes High acidity in wines Great for early-ripening Chardonnay and Pinot
67
Niagara-on-the-Lake vs Niagara Peninsula: style
NotLake is warmer = riper, fruitier, more Bordeaux blends
68
Warmest of Ontario's vineyard areas?
Lake Erie North Shore
69
Lake Erie North Shore makes what kind of wines?
more ripe fruit but less structure than those from Niagara Peninsula (it's Ontario's warmest area)
70
Ontario's most northerly appellation? So what?
Prince Edward County | Latitude => high risk of winter freeze
71
Prince Edward County has a limestone plateau with stony topsoil. So what?
Conducts heat and radiates it at night | => aids ripening in this very cool region
72
Most common grapes in Prince Edward County? Why?
Pinot Noir and Chardonnay they ripen early extremely high acid
73
Land under vine in BC
4,200ha | Canada has 12,500ha altogether
74
BC vineyards split into which two distinct areas?
``` Pacific coast (cool maritime climate, small number of vineyards) Inland (Okanagan Valley etc) ```
75
BC's vineyards are further notrh than Ontario's. So what?
Growing season is shorter BUT days are longer during season Hot summer days and cool nights -> wide diurnal range => ripe fruit flavours AND high acid
76
Comment on hybrids in BC
Not many of them left now Vine pull scheme in 1980s Reduced by 2/3s
77
Most planted black grape in BC?
Merlot
78
Most planted black grape in BC? Most planted black grape in Ontario?
BC: Merlot Ontario: Cabernet Franc
79
Merlot style in BC?
More full bodied than in ontario Higher tannins Higher alcohol Riper fruit flavours
80
Pinot Noir style in BC?
Riper and fruitier than Ontario | Relatively high tannins
81
Most planted white grape in BC?
Pinot Gris
82
BC Pinot Gris style?
Dry or off-dry Medoium body Medium to high acid Melon and pear
83
Okanagan Valley is what % of BC plantings?
85%
84
Significance of lakes in Okanagan Valley? Most important lake?
Moderate hot summer and cold winter Provide water for irrigation Okanagan Lake
85
Lakes in Okanagan Valley vs Great Lakes in Ontario?
Okanagan much smaller lakes | Much smaller moderating effect
86
Okanagan Valley is dry with very little rainfall. So what?
``` Irrigation essential (water from Okanagan Lake) Disease/fungal pressure low => organic on increase ```
87
Climate in Okanagan Valley
Extreme continental cold winters (not so cold to bury vines) Growing season short with long days Summers hot
88
Okanagan Valley is hotter in the south. What grows there?
Black grape vareities | Merlot, Cab F, Cab S and Syrah ripen fully
89
Where is Similkameen Valley located?
West of the extreme southern end of Okanagan Valley
90
Topography of Similkameen Valley
Rugged, rocky valley Narrow strip of agricultural land along Similkameen River High mountains either side =. winds
91
Significant producer in Similkameen Valley
Clos du Soleil
92
Climate of Similkameen Valley vs Okanagan Valley?
Similar (extreme continental) No lakes in Similkameen => no moderating influence Summer days very hot
93
Small Pacific Coastal regions in BC?
Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Fraser Valley
94
Climate in Pacific coastal regions of BC (Vancouver Island etc)?
Cool maritime | Mild winters, no winter freeze
95
What kind of grapes can grow in coastal regions of BC (Vancouver Island etc)?
Early-ripening | especially PINOT NOIR
96
Top export markets for Canadian bottled wine?
``` China USA South Korea Hong Kong Japan ``` but exports (except Icewine) are tiny
97
Why is wine tourism significant for Canada?
Limits on where and how wine can be sold and shipped | Cellar door a big channel

D3 KID (35 decks)

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