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D3 KID > Canada > Flashcards

Canada Flashcards

1
Q

Land under vine in Canada

A

12,500ha

a relatively small player despite being the world’s second largest country!

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2
Q

Why is there not more land under vine in Canada given its massive size?

A

Most of the country not suitable for viticulture
High latitude
Extremes of temeprature

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3
Q

Two major (and two minor) provinces for Canadian wine?

A

Ontario and BC

Nova Scotia and Quebec

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4
Q

Two most important sub-regions for Canadian wine (one in Ontario, one in BC)

A

Niagara Peninsula, ON

Okanagan Valley, BC

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5
Q

When did Canadian icewine production start?

A

1970s

German immigrants!

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6
Q

Canada is world’s largest producer of icewine. T/F

A

True!

But it’s a small % of overall Canadian production

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7
Q

Which kind of vines were planted in Canada in the early days, before vinifera?

A

Early 19thC: v. labrusca (survive harsh winter)
early 20thC: French hybrids (Vidal Blanc!, still used)
1950s: Vinifiera first planted
1980s: vinifera becomes dominant

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8
Q

What prompted the push to quality in Canadian wine?

A

US-Canada trade deal
Opened Canada to imports from US
Removed subsidies from Canadian growers
Introduce VQA system

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9
Q

Canada experienced prohibition (1916-1927) but wine industry not affected. Why?

A

Wine was exempt!
Number of wineries actually increased
But monopolies are the result

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10
Q

Distance between ON and BC?

A

4,000km

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11
Q

Climate for Ontario and inland areas of BC

A 
Extreme continental climate
Hot summers (30C and above)
Freezing winters (-20C)
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12
Q

Canadian vineyards near lakes. So what?

A

Most vineyards near lakes

=> moderate temperatures
=> lake effect reduces the risk of winter freeze
=> water heats up slowly, delays budbraek, mitigate against spring frost
=> retains heat in summer, extending growing season

also: humidity -> fungal

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13
Q

Lakes in Canada increase humidity. So what?

A

Increase risk of fungal disease

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14
Q

What does snow do in Canada vineayrds?

A

Snow cover protects vines, insulate from cold air (winter freeze)
Winter freeze still an issue in coldest places eg Prince Edward County

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15
Q

Comment on drought in Canada

A

A regular concern for inland parts of BC (rain shadow of mountain ranges)
An issue in ON (hotter, drier years)

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16
Q

Canada has a very northerly latitude. So what?

A

Towards northern limit for viticulture
Shorter growing season
Longer daylight hours in summer (vs. USA)

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17
Q

Comment on canopy management for Canadian vineyards around lakes?

A

Humid areas
=> need an open canopy to improve air flow, reduce fungal risk
VSP most common
Some use Geneva Double Curtain, Scott Henry, Lyre

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18
Q

Vineyard pests in Canada

A

Insects (moths, mealy bugs, leafhoppers)
Birds
Deer
BEARS

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19
Q

Growing season in Canada; long, short or otherwise?

A

Shorter than most traditional regions

budbreak early May -> harvest late August (can continue to November, or Feb for icewine)

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20
Q

Irrigation in Canada?

A

Yes esp. in drought areas like Okanagan

Drip irrigation

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21
Q

How do growers in Prince Edward County protect their vines in winter?

A

Bury thm!
Labour intensive => add to production cost
Experiment with geotextiles

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22
Q

What are geotextiles

A

Fabrics draped over vines to protect against winter damage (eg Prince Edward County)

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23
Q

Okanagan and Similkameen Valley: what do growers do to protect vines in winter?

A

Push up level of soil around graft to protect them

Winters not as bitter as in ON

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24
Q

Hybrids account for what % of Candian vines?

A

Around 40% of harvest tonnage in 2018!

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25
Q

What are hybrids used for in Canada?

A

International Canadian Blends (as opposed to VQA)

Icewine (Vidal)

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26
Q

Vidal suitable for Canadian Icewine why?

A

Winter hardy
High acid (not as high as Riesling)
Slow ripening
Thick skins

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27
Q

Vidal style (Dry or sweet)

A

High acid
Stone fruit, tropical fruit
Peach mango

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28
Q

Key vinifera grapes in Canada, planted since 1980s onwards?

A

Bordeaux varieities (Merlot, Cab F and lesser extent Cab S)
Chard
Pinot Noir

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29
Q

Canadian wines tend to have high acid. Why?

A

Cool temperatures
and/or
high dirunal range

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30
Q

Canada: Examples of lower intervention techniques in winery?

A

Ambient yeasts
Unfiltered wines
Less new oak
More neutral vessels

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31
Q

Is chaptalisation used in Canada?

A

yes sometimes - cooler regions, cooler years

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32
Q

Most Canadian Icewine produced in what province?

A

Ontario

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33
Q

Picking regulations for Canadian Icewine

A

Harvest at -8C or below

can be hand or machine - labour difficult so machine common

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34
Q

RS for Canadian icewine? Why?

A

200-250g/L

Freezing concentrates the sugars. Very high sugar level => ferment stops naturally at 9-11%, leaving high RS

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35
Q

Most Canadian Icewine from what grape? BEST Canadian Icewine from what grape?

A

Most from Vidal

Most complex and well-balanced: Riesling

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36
Q

Grapes used for Canadian Icewine

A

Most common: Vidal
Best quality: Riesling
Also: Cab Franc, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, others

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37
Q

Yields for Canadian Icewine (vs. still wine harvest)

A

10% of a “Normal” harvest size

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38
Q

Account for extremely low yields for Canadian Icewine

A 
Grapes dehydrating
Damaged grapes
Bad weather => lost grapes
Rot
Animals
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39
Q

Who owns the “Icewine” trademark? (Canada)

A

Canadian Vintners Association

40
Q

When did Ontario introduce VQA legislation?

A

1988

BC followed in 1990

41
Q

VQA wines with a variety on label must be what % that variety?

A

85%

42
Q

“International blend from imported and domestic wines” is what? (Canada)

A

Wine in Canada made in aprt from imported must or wine

43
Q

Wines that don’t qualify for VQA status can use what term on the label?

A

Product of Canada

44
Q

Land under vine in Ontario

A

7,000ha

Canada has 12,500 total

45
Q

Two Great Lakes in Ontario

A

Lake Erie

Lake Ontario

46
Q

What do Ontario’s Great Lakes do?

A

Moderate extremes of Ontario’s continental climate

47
Q

Account for high acid AND ripe fruit flavours in Ontario wines?

A

Lakes moderate extreme temperatures, cooling (high acid)

Long sunshine hours (ripe fruit flavours)

48
Q

There’s a lot of limestone around Ontario’s lakes. From where?

A

Ancient seabed, exposed over a long period of glacial activity

49
Q

Ontario makes what % of Canadian Icewine?

A

90%

50
Q

What is the most planted variety in ontario?

A

Vidal

90% of Canadian Icewine made here

51
Q

Other than Icewine, what is the breakdown of still red and white VQA wine made in ON?

A

Equal parts red and white

About 4% rosé

52
Q

Two most planted vinfiera grapes in Ontario?

A

Riesling

Chardonnay

53
Q

Ontario Riesling style

A

high acid
Citrus, peach, floral
dry to sweet

54
Q

Ontario Chardonnay style

A

medium (+) to high acid
apple and citrus
stone fruit and tropical (warmer sites/vintages)

55
Q

Most planted black grape in Ontario?

A

Cabernet Franc

56
Q

Cabernet Franc style in Ontario?

A

Elegant and fresh

Red plum, red berry, green pepper, herbal

57
Q

What is Cab Franc used for in Ontario?

A

Single varietals and Bordeaux blends

Icewine

58
Q

Black grapes grown in Ontario

A

Cab Franc
Merlot
Pinot Noir
Gamay

59
Q

Three primary appellations in Ontario

A

Niagara Peninsula
Lake Erie North Shore
Prince Edward County

60
Q

Significant producers in Ontario

A

Inniskillin
Peller Estates

(and FLAT ROCK!!)

61
Q

Niagara Peninsula has what % of Ontario vineyards?

A

80%

62
Q

Describe the topography of Niagara Escarpment

A

a north-facing limestone bluff 100m above Lake Ontario

most vyds on benches located part way up the escarpment

63
Q

Lake Ontario is very deep. So what?

A

It takes longer to warm up in spring
Takes longer to cool down in autumn
moderate temperature

64
Q

Lake Ontario and Niagara Escarpment have what impact on temperatures?

A

Provide warming air flow in winter
Provide cooling airflow in summer

=> longer growing season, reduced risk of fungal and frost

65
Q

Niagara Peninsula has two regional appellations. What are they?

A

Niagara Escarpment

Niagara-on-the-Lake (Flat Rock!)

66
Q

Niagara Escarpment is coolest part of Niagara Peninsula. Why? So what?

A

Combo of altitude and cooling lake breezes
High acidity in wines
Great for early-ripening Chardonnay and Pinot

67
Q

Niagara-on-the-Lake vs Niagara Peninsula: style

A

NotLake is warmer = riper, fruitier, more Bordeaux blends

68
Q

Warmest of Ontario’s vineyard areas?

A

Lake Erie North Shore

69
Q

Lake Erie North Shore makes what kind of wines?

A

more ripe fruit but less structure than those from Niagara Peninsula
(it’s Ontario’s warmest area)

70
Q

Ontario’s most northerly appellation? So what?

A

Prince Edward County

Latitude => high risk of winter freeze

71
Q

Prince Edward County has a limestone plateau with stony topsoil. So what?

A

Conducts heat and radiates it at night

=> aids ripening in this very cool region

72
Q

Most common grapes in Prince Edward County? Why?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
they ripen early
extremely high acid

73
Q

Land under vine in BC

A

4,200ha

Canada has 12,500ha altogether

74
Q

BC vineyards split into which two distinct areas?

A 
Pacific coast (cool maritime climate, small number of vineyards)
Inland (Okanagan Valley etc)
75
Q

BC’s vineyards are further notrh than Ontario’s. So what?

A

Growing season is shorter
BUT days are longer during season
Hot summer days and cool nights -> wide diurnal range
=> ripe fruit flavours AND high acid

76
Q

Comment on hybrids in BC

A

Not many of them left now
Vine pull scheme in 1980s
Reduced by 2/3s

77
Q

Most planted black grape in BC?

A

Merlot

78
Q

Most planted black grape in BC? Most planted black grape in Ontario?

A

BC: Merlot
Ontario: Cabernet Franc

79
Q

Merlot style in BC?

A

More full bodied than in ontario
Higher tannins
Higher alcohol
Riper fruit flavours

80
Q

Pinot Noir style in BC?

A

Riper and fruitier than Ontario

Relatively high tannins

81
Q

Most planted white grape in BC?

A

Pinot Gris

82
Q

BC Pinot Gris style?

A

Dry or off-dry
Medoium body
Medium to high acid
Melon and pear

83
Q

Okanagan Valley is what % of BC plantings?

A

85%

84
Q

Significance of lakes in Okanagan Valley? Most important lake?

A

Moderate hot summer and cold winter
Provide water for irrigation
Okanagan Lake

85
Q

Lakes in Okanagan Valley vs Great Lakes in Ontario?

A

Okanagan much smaller lakes

Much smaller moderating effect

86
Q

Okanagan Valley is dry with very little rainfall. So what?

A 
Irrigation essential (water from Okanagan Lake)
Disease/fungal pressure low => organic on increase
87
Q

Climate in Okanagan Valley

A

Extreme continental
cold winters (not so cold to bury vines)
Growing season short with long days
Summers hot

88
Q

Okanagan Valley is hotter in the south. What grows there?

A

Black grape vareities

Merlot, Cab F, Cab S and Syrah ripen fully

89
Q

Where is Similkameen Valley located?

A

West of the extreme southern end of Okanagan Valley

90
Q

Topography of Similkameen Valley

A

Rugged, rocky valley
Narrow strip of agricultural land along Similkameen River
High mountains either side =. winds

91
Q

Significant producer in Similkameen Valley

A

Clos du Soleil

92
Q

Climate of Similkameen Valley vs Okanagan Valley?

A

Similar (extreme continental)
No lakes in Similkameen => no moderating influence
Summer days very hot

93
Q

Small Pacific Coastal regions in BC?

A

Vancouver Island
Gulf Islands
Fraser Valley

94
Q

Climate in Pacific coastal regions of BC (Vancouver Island etc)?

A

Cool maritime

Mild winters, no winter freeze

95
Q

What kind of grapes can grow in coastal regions of BC (Vancouver Island etc)?

A

Early-ripening

especially PINOT NOIR

96
Q

Top export markets for Canadian bottled wine?

A 
China
USA
South Korea
Hong Kong
Japan

but exports (except Icewine) are tiny

97
Q

Why is wine tourism significant for Canada?

A

Limits on where and how wine can be sold and shipped

Cellar door a big channel

D3 KID (35 decks)

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