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D3 KID > Australia > Flashcards

Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Land under vine in Oz?

A

146,000ha

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2
Q

When did vines arrive in Oz?

A

1788 (with first settlers)

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3
Q

What did James Busby do?

A

Early 1830s: bring vine cuttings to Oz

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4
Q

Where is phylloxera-free in Oz?

A

South Australia!
+ Tasmania and Western Australia
and other places
strict quarantine

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5
Q

Impact of phylloxera outbreak (Europe) on Australian wine?

A

big opportunity for Aussie exports, particularly to UK

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6
Q

What is Muscat Gordo Blanco?

A

Muscat of Aleandria

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7
Q

Company once known as Orlando now called…

A

Jacob’s Creek

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8
Q

How has land under vine in Oz developed since 1990?

A

Up and down

1990: 59,000ha
late 2000s (peak): 170,000ha
now: 146,000ha

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9
Q

Why has Australian vineyard shrunk in last 20 years?

A

Various reasons:
- Oversupply;
- Competition fro other non-Euro countries repliacting the model;
- worsened by strength of Aussie Dollar (2008 crash) making Aussie wine more expensive than eg Argentina and Chile;
- drought > expensive water > go out of business

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10
Q

What is the impact of drought on Aussie viticulture?

A

Serious droughts push up cost of water
Many growers forced out of business

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11
Q

Aussie land under vine shrinking has had what effect on the type of wine produced?

A

Less focus on inexpensive, high volume
More focus on small production, high price
=> maintain strong position on export markets

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12
Q

Most Aussie vineyards at what latitude?

A

30-37S (equivalent to North Africa, Southern Europe)

NB Tasmania is 41-42S

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13
Q

Climate in Murray-Darling Basin

A

hot continental

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14
Q

Effect of Indian or Southern Ocean on Aussie vineyards?

A

Cooling influence, moderating daily and seasonal temperatures

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15
Q

Australia is quite flat. So what?

A

Nothing to stop cooling influence of oceans going further inland,

eg Coonawarra: 100km inland yet continental climate

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16
Q

Key mountain range in Oz

A

Great Dividing Range
runs from Queensland to western Victoria

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17
Q

Cool sites within the Great Dividing Range that growers are planting on for lighter-bodied, more elegant wine?

A

Orange
Macedon
Grampians

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18
Q

What does the Great Dividing Range protect south-eastern Australia vyds from?

A

Creates a barrier, protecting vineyards from tropical weather systems from the Pacific Ocean (from north-east)

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19
Q

Only major wine region to the east of the Great Dividing Range? So what?

A

Hunter Valley
Hot and humid climate (500mm rain)

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20
Q

Riverland is in Great Dividing Range’s rain shadow. So what?

A

Gets very low level of rainfall (135mm during season)

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21
Q

Famous soil in Coonawarra?

A

terra rossa

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22
Q

What makes Oz suitable for viticulture?

A

Intense sun (and lots of it)
Low rainfall
Low humidity
Disease pressure is low

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23
Q

Why do even Australia’s wetter regions need irrigation?

A

free-draining soil

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24
Q

Historic source of irrigation water in Oz? And what of it lately?

A

Murray-Darling Basin
serious droughts => water availability low

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25
Q

Oz: what do old vines (eg Shiraz and Grenache) do re: vigour?

A

Naturally combat high vigour
(Heat and sufficient water leads to vigour)

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26
Q

How can growers manage vigour and ensure vine balance in eg. warm Australian region (new vines)?

A

Divided canopy systems eg Scott-Henry, Smart-Dyson

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27
Q

Comment on soil salinity in Oz?

A

An issue!
Over time, soils become more saline (not enough rainfall to carry away salt deposited in irrigation water)

Saline soil makes it difficult for vine to get water it needs => reduced vine growth/DEATH

Managed through rootstocks and changing irrigation (larger amounts less frequently)

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28
Q

How to combat soil salinity in Oz?

A

Select suitable rootstocks
Change irrigation patterns (larger volumes, less frequently)

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29
Q

Phylloxera generally not present in Oz, but newer vneayrds often planted on rootstocks. Why?

A

Prevent future threa to fphylloxera
Combat acidity and salinity in soil

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30
Q

Oz: where is phylloxera present?

A

Parts of Victoria and New South Wales

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31
Q

Most Oz regions have low humidity. Some exceptions? So what?

A

Adelaide Hills, southern Victoria, Hunter Valley, parts of Tasmania

So open canopies essential to maximise air flow

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32
Q

Oz’s national sustainability programme?

A

Sustainable Winegrowing Australia

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33
Q

Sustainable Winegrowing Australia accounts for what % of vineyards/producers?

A

25% (of both)

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34
Q

Main pests in Oz? And how to fight them?

A

Birds and kangaroos
Netting good against birds
No solution for ‘roos

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35
Q

most planted grape in Oz?

A

Shiraz

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36
Q

Most planted black grape in Oz? Most planted white grape in Oz?

A

Shiraz
Chardonnay

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37
Q

Top 3 black grapes in Oz

A

Shiraz
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot

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38
Q

Top 3 white grapes in Oz

A

Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Gris

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39
Q

Examples of alternative varieties growing in Oz?

A

Mediterranean eg Tempranillo, Sangiovese, Fiano, Assytriko

well suited to warm, dry conditions here

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40
Q

Black grapes account for what % of Australian harvested fruit?

A

54%

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41
Q

More black or white grapes in Oz?

A

More black (54%)

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42
Q

Shiraz style from hotter Oz regions (Barossa Valley, McLaren Vale)

A

full body
high alcohol
high, soft tannin
pronounce dark fruit, earthy, spicy
leathery with age

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43
Q

Shiraz style from cooler Oz regions (Yarra Valley, Grampians)

A

less full bodied
medium alcohol
less intensenly fruity, red and black cherry
distinct black pepper note

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44
Q

Shiraz often blended across regions (eg Penfolds model). Why?

A

Blend cooler and hotter climate fruit for balance and complexity

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45
Q

Trend in Oz for less intense, more approachable Shiraz styles. Achieved how?

A

Reduce amount of extraction
Use whole bunch
Reduce levels of new oak

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46
Q

What kind of oak generally used in Oz for Shiraz?

A

American oak is traditional
French increasingly used

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47
Q

Comment on use of open-topped fermenters in Aussie Shiraz?

A

very good -> outstanding quality Shiraz
manual/mechanised punching down => soft extraction of tannin

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48
Q

Common blends for Shiraz in Australia?

A

GSM (NB, “Mataro”)
Shiraz-Viognier

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49
Q

Oz: what does Shiraz bring to a Cab/Shiraz blend

A

Brings softness and body
Plays the role of Merlot in Bordeaux

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50
Q

Aussie Cab Sauv: tannins and acid higher or lower than Shiraz?

A

Higher, generally

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51
Q

Australian Cab Sauv style

A

Varies -> cooler and warmer climate styles
BUT
higher acid and higher tannin (vs. Shiraz)
ripe black fruit, blackcurrant, cherry
oak

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52
Q

Signature of Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon

A

eucalyptus

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53
Q

Margaret River: Cab Sauv blended with what? What’s the style?

A

Merlot
Ripe, subtly herbal

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54
Q

Merlot quality on the rise in Oz. Why?

A

Better clones!

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55
Q

Name a few regions for Pinot Noir in Australia?

A

Cool and moderate regions
Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, Tasmania

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56
Q

Aussie Pinot Noir style

A

medium ody
medim alc
medium to high acid
red fruit: cherry, strawb

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57
Q

Grenache accounts for what % of grape harvest in Australia?

A

1%
but it’s “Important”

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58
Q

Grenache seen as high quality single-varietal in Oz. Why?

A

Recognition of the quality of old bush vines in McLaren, Eden and Barossa

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59
Q

Traditional Australian Grenache style? (fallen out of favour)

A

Low acid
High alcohol
Jammy fruit
New oak

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60
Q

Modern Australian Grenache style?

A

More fresh
Higher acid
Lower alcohol
Fresher red fruit
Whole bunch or stems = aromas and tannins

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61
Q

Australia’s most planted white variety?

A

Chardonnay

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62
Q

How has Chardonnay style evolved in Australia?

A

Gone from ripe and oaky -> early picking, much leaner

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63
Q

High-quality Aussie Chardonnay a sort of middle ground between ripe and lean. Describe the style.

A

Ripe fruit (citrus, peach)
Medium to medium (+) acid
Well-integrated oak
Complexity, balance and texture from ambient yeasts, solids in ferment, lees ageing, barrel ageing

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64
Q

MLF in Australian Chardonnay?

A

It depends

Warm climate: NO MLF. Retain acid
Cool climate: YES MLF. Reduce acid, increase complexity and body

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65
Q

Aussie Sauv Blanc vs Marlborough: any differences?

A

Aussie is less herbaceous (particularly from Adelaide Hills)

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66
Q

Best Aussie Sauv Blanc from where?

A

Adelaide Hills

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67
Q

Australian Sauv Blanc style

A

Intense fruit (citrus to tropical)
Stainless steel but maybe lees or barrel ferment

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68
Q

In Margaret River, Sauv Blanc is blended with ___

A

Semillon
Bordeaux style blend

NB also Cab/Merlot blends there!

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69
Q

Austarlia’s best Pinot Gris comes from where? (2)

A

Mornington peninsula (and other Victoria)
Tasmania

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70
Q

Australia Pinot Grigio style?

A

Varies from Veneto Pinot Grigio style to Alsace Pinot Gris. Labelled accordingly.

Best Pinot Gris from Mornington Peninsula and Tasmania

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71
Q

Hunter Valley Semillon style

A

Low alcohol
High acid
Unoaked
Neutral in youth, complex with bottle age

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72
Q

Barossa Valley Semillon style

A

Fuller body (vs Hunter)
Higher alcohol (vs Hunter)
Oak flavours
Not as ageworthy as Hunter

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73
Q

What happens to Semillon in Riverina. So what?

A

noble rot
makes complex sweet wines

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74
Q

Name a few Aussie regions with a reputation for Riesling

A

Clare Valley
Eden Valley
Great Southern
Canberra
Tasmania

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75
Q

Aussie Riesling: dryness

A

Most are bone dry
but there are sweet late-harvest styles also

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76
Q

Aussie Riesling style

A

Dry (mostly)
High acid
Apple, lemon, grapefruit, lime, peach (depends on the region)
Vibrant fruit and floral

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77
Q

What is Muscat Gordo Blanco?

A

Muscat of Alexandria

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78
Q

Muscat Gordo Blanco and Colombard are grown where in Oz?

A

Hot, inland (Riverland, Murray-Darling, Riverina)
Cheap blending partners

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79
Q

Colombard used for what in Australia?

A

Neutral, cheap blending partner for eg Chardonnay
Inexpensive wines

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80
Q

Muscat Gordo Blanco used for what in Australia?

A

Cheap blending partner in still wines
Sparkling Moscato

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81
Q

Explain the Aussie GI system

A

Zones, regions and sub-regions

Zone: eg South Australia, South Eastern Australia, Barossa zone etc

Region: eg Coonawarra, Clare Valley

Sub-region: only 14 of them. rare.

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82
Q

What are zones in Aussie GI system?

A

They can be states (South Australia), multi-state (South Eastern Australia) or smaller regions within states (Barossa, Adelaide etc)

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83
Q

How many “regions” are there in Aussie GI system

A

63
eg Coonawarra, Clare Valley, Margaret River

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84
Q

Wine from grapes grown in Eden Valley region could be labelled as what different GIs depending on what the producer wanted?

A

Eden Valley
Barossa
Adelaide
South Australia
South Eastern Australia

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85
Q

What is LIP

A

Label Integrity Programme
1990

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86
Q

For Aussie what’s the min % of a GI, vintage or grape that’s mentioned on that label

A

85%

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87
Q

Do Australian GIs have rules on grape growing and winemaking?

A

No

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88
Q

South Eastern Australia zone covers what states?

A

Victoria
New South Wales
Tasmania
south-eastern corners of South Australia and Queensland

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89
Q

Most grapes for South Eastern Australian zone come from where?

A

Murray-Darling basin

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90
Q

What is the Murray-Darling Basin

A

1 million square kilometres of land
formed by Murray and Darling rivers and their tributaries
contains Riverland; Murray-Darling; and Riverina

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91
Q

Riverland is along what river?

A

Murray River

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92
Q

Murray-Darling along what river(s)?

A

Murray River
Darling River

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93
Q

Riverina is along what river?

A

Murrumbidgee River (tributary to the Murray)

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94
Q

Australia’s three largest wine-producing regions?

A

Riverland
Riverina
Murray-Darling

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95
Q

Climate in Murray-Darling Basin?

A

Hot continental
Rivers provide cooling influence

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96
Q

Riverland is 200km inland yet has some maritime influence. Why?

A

There are no mountains between it and the coast

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97
Q

Australian Vintage Ltd is key in what big region?

A

Riverland

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98
Q

Casella Family Brands and De Bortoli are very active in what big region?

A

Riverina

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99
Q

Lindemand’s is very active in what big region?

A

Murray-Darling

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100
Q

Murray-Darling Basin is in rain shadow of Great Dividing Range. So what?

A

Very little rain
AND sandy soils => irrigation essential

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101
Q

Comment on water in Murray-Darling Basin

A

Great Diving Range means low rainfall here
Sandy soils and low rain => need to irrgate
Water comes from rivers, but recent droughts make this supply very limited

Increase in water prices (and decrease in grape prices) => some producers going out of business

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102
Q

Main grapes in Murray-Darling Basin

A

Shiraz and Chardonnay
(and Semillon in Riverina)

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103
Q

Wine style (red and white) in Murray-Darling Basin

A

medium body
high alcohol
low-ish acid
ripe fruit

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104
Q

Area around Griffith (Riverina) known for what style?

A

Sweet, botrytis Semillon

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105
Q

Most wine in Murray-Darling Basin is inexpensive and high volume. But what grapes are being used for higher quality wines?

A

Complex, balanced Shiraz and Chardonnay (lower yields)

Grapes suited to hot climate: Vermeinto, Petit Verdot, Nero d’Avola etc

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106
Q

What makes Griffith suitable for sweet botrytis Semillon?

A

Summer is dry and hot but autumn is rainy and humid
Morning mists and warm, sunny afternoons => induce noble rot

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107
Q

Well known part of Australia for botrytis Semillon?

A

Griffith and nearby areas

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108
Q

South Australia produces what % of total harvest?

A

50%

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109
Q

Australia’s largest wine producing state by volume?

A

South Australia

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110
Q

Penfolds Grange uses what GI?

A

South Australia

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111
Q

Barossa zone split into which two regions?

A

Barossa Valley
Eden Valley

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112
Q

Why blend Shiraz from Barossa and Eden together?

A

Intensity and body from Barossa (warmer)
Elegance and higher acid from Eden (cooler)

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113
Q

Land under vine in Barossa Valley

A

11,000ha

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114
Q

The Adelaide Hills are part of what mountain range?

A

Mount Lofty Ranges

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115
Q

Barossa Valley is a plain protected by what?

A

Eden Valley (to east)
low hills (to west)
Adelaide Hills (to south0

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116
Q

Climate in Barossa Valley?

A

Warm
Hot sunny summer days, cooler nights

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117
Q

Low rainfall in Barossa. So what?

A

Irrigation necessary
Disease pressure low

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118
Q

Northern part of Barossa Valley known for what soils?

A

Ironstone layer
=> water retaining properties
=> age-worthy wines

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119
Q

Barossa is home to some of world’s oldest vines. Why?

A

Vines planted in 1840s
Phylloxera never hit

BUT
there was a vine pull scheme in 1980s so some vines lost

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120
Q

Shiraz accounts for what % of Barossa Valley production?

A

66%

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121
Q

Barosas Valley Shiraz style

A

Full body
High alcohol
High tannin (soft)
Pronounced ripe (and cooked, dried) black fruit
New American/French oak

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122
Q

Second most planted grape in Barossa Valley?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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123
Q

White grapes account for what% of Barossa harvest?

A

9%

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124
Q

White grapes in Barossa Valley

A

Chardonnay
Semillon

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125
Q

Barossa Valley Chardonnay style

A

High quality
Full body
Ripe tropical fruit

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126
Q

Barossa Valley Semillon style

A

Different to Hunter Valley!

Higher alcohol
Lower acid
More body

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127
Q

Significant producers in Barossa Valley

A

John Duval
Glaetzer
Kalleske
Torbreck

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128
Q

Eden Valley forms part of what mountain range?

A

Mount Lofty Ranges

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129
Q

Altitude in Eden Valley. So what?

A

up to 600m
High sites are exposed to eg wind (affect flowering and ripening)
Cooler climate

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130
Q

Dry farming more common in Eden than Barossa. Why?

A

Soils with good water holding capacity
Slightly higher rainfall

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131
Q

Eden Valley: more red or white wine?

A

Roughly even!

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132
Q

Most planted variety in Eden Valley

A

Riesling

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133
Q

Eden Valley Riesling style

A

Dry
High acid
Medium alcohol
Pure citrus lemon and lime
Floral
Age for years -> toast, honey, nutty

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134
Q

Most planted black variety in Eden Valley?

A

Shiraz

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135
Q

What is Eden Valley Shiraz like compared to Barossa Shiraz?

A

Eden has higher acid
More structured tannins
Lower alcohol

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136
Q

Eden Valley Shiraz style

A

High acid
High structured tannins
Lower alcohol than Barossa Shiraz
Ripe, fresh plum and blackberry, sweet spice

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137
Q

Significant producers in Eden Valley

A

Henschke
Pewsey Vale

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138
Q

Mounty Lofty Ranges Zone contains which two important regions?

A

Adelaide Hills
Claire Valley

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139
Q

Topography of Adelaide Hills. So what?

A

Valleys and steep hillsides
Can’t really mechanise
Lots of aspects and soil types

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140
Q

Climate in Adelaide Hills

A

Cool to moderate
Temperatures vary due to altitude

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141
Q

Why is site selection important in Adelaide Hills?

A

Low-altitdude, west facing sites in northern part: warm enough for full-bodied reds

Higher altitude, in centre: cooler, early-ripening Sauv Blanc, Cahrd, pinot

142
Q

Central part of Adelaide Hills has two sub-regions. What are they?

A

Piccadilly Valley
Lenswood

143
Q

What are Piccadilly Valley and Lenswood?

A

Sub-regions of Adelaide Hills

144
Q

Climate in Adeladie Hills

A

Maritime

145
Q

Talk about rain in Adelaide Hills

A

Relatively high
Most falls in winter and spring -> can be late enough to disrupt fruit set
Rainwater collected in dams -> irrigation
More rain -> more humidity -> fungal threat -> producers spray crops

146
Q

More white or black grapes in Adelaide Hills?

A

White 64%

147
Q

Adelaide Hills Sauvignon Blanc style

A

intense ripe fruit (rather than herbaceous eg Marlborough)
high acid
medium alcohol

148
Q

Most planted variety in Adelaide Hills

A

Sauvignon Blanc

149
Q

Most planted black and white varieties in Adeladie Hills?

A

Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Noir

150
Q

Adelaide Hills Chardonnay style

A

Medium (+) to high acid
Medium body
Ripe stone fruit (due to intense sunlight)
MLF, oak and lees are common -> texture and complexity

151
Q

Adelaide Hills Pinot Noir style

A

Medium (+) acid
Medium body
Medium alcohol
Red fruit
Delicate and floral to more spicy
Firm tannins (vs Victoria Pinot Noir)

152
Q

Significant producers in Adelaide Hills

A

Shaw + Smith
Penfolds
Trescowthick Wines!

153
Q

Where is Basket Range and what kind of wines might you find there?

A

Part of Adelaide Hills
Organic and low-intervention wines

154
Q

Clare Valley part of what zone?

A

Mount Lofty Ranges Zone

155
Q

Adelaide Hills and Clare Valley are part of what Zone?

A

Mount Lofty Ranges Zone

156
Q

Climate in Clare Valley

A

Warm
Hot summer temperatures tempered by cool afternoon breezes and cold nights
Big diurnal range -> slow ripening, retain acid

157
Q

Topography of Clare Valley

A

300-500m
Shallow valley within a series of ridges and hills that have valleys running between them

158
Q

Can Clare Valley be machine harvested?

A

Yes - slopes are generally not very steep
Some producers choose not to though

159
Q

Clare Valley owned by small producers or big ones?

A

Many small family-owned vineyards

160
Q

Comment on water scarcity in Clare Valley

A

Can be a problem
Low rainfall in some years
Some dry-farming for low yield, high quality wines
Low rain -> low humidity -> low disease pressure

161
Q

Riesling accounts for what % of Clare Valley plantings?

A

35%

162
Q

Clarey Valley has intense sunlight (low latitude). So what?

A

Growers need to be careful to protect Riesling from sunburn
=> thick canopies for shading on western side (afternoon sun)

163
Q

Clare Valley Riesling style

A

Dry
Medium alcohol
Lime aromas
Higher acid than Eden Valley

164
Q

Comment on Riesling from Polish Hill (Clare Valley)

A

Slate soils with low fertility
Less aromatic, flintier style
Neutral in youth, good bottle age (honey, toast)

165
Q

Comment on Riesling from Watervale (Clare Valley)

A

Limestone soil, fertile
More aromatic, floral style of Riesling
Earlier drinking than eg Polish Hill (slate)

166
Q

Significant producers in Clare Valley

A

Jim Barry
Wendouree

167
Q

Key black varieties in Clare Valley

A

Shiraz
Cabernet Sauvignon

168
Q

Clare Valley red wine style

A

Shiraz, Cabernet etc
Medium to medium (+) acidity
Medium to medium (+) tanin
Pronounced ripe black fruit
Distinct minty, eucalyptus

169
Q

Best known region within Fleurieu Zone?

A

McLaren Vale

170
Q

Where is Fleurieu Zone located?

A

South of Adelaide

Gulf St Vincent is to the north
Southern Ocean to the south

171
Q

Langhorne Creek and McLaren Vale in what zone?

A

Fleurieu

172
Q

Land under vine in McLareN Vale

A

7,200ha

173
Q

Langhorne Creek historically main source of fruit for what?

A

Jacob’s Creek

174
Q

McLaren Vale summers are warm to hot. What moderates the climate?

A

Winds blowing in off the Gulf/down from Adelaide Hills

(also keep disease low)

175
Q

Comment on soils in McLaren Vale

A

They are complex with many soil ypes
Sand, loam, clay
Soils in NORTH: poor, low nutrients
SOUTH: deeper, more fertile, higher yields

176
Q

Where was Thomas Hardy & Sons making wine? Exporting to where? When?

A

McLaren Vale
export to UK
Late 19th century

177
Q

Potted history of McLaren Vale wine styles over last 150 yrs?

A

Late 19th century: Thomas Hardy & sons, UK export
Early 20th century: fortified wine!
Post WW2: Italian immigrants, dry red wine
1970s: Chardonnay and Semillon, full body, ripe
1990s onward: dry red wine

178
Q

Black grapes account for what % of McLaren Vale?

A

90%!

179
Q

Most planted grape in McLaren Vale?

A

Shiraz
50% of plantings overall

180
Q

Top three grapes in McLaren Vale

A

Shiraz
Cabernet Sauvignon
Grenache

181
Q

McLaren Vale red wine style

A

Deep colour
Full body
High alcohol
Pronounced dark fruit
Spice (oak)

Hot sites: cooked, jammy
Higher elevation: more acid, tannin

182
Q

Where is Blewitt Springs? What is it known for?

A

Part of McLaren Vale
Old vines, dry farm, bush vines of Shiraz and Grenache

183
Q

Does McLaren Vale have a lot of old vines?

A

It lost a lot in vine pull scheme in 1980s

BUT it has good stocks, particularly in Blewitt Springs

184
Q

McLaren Vale: old-vine Grenache style

A

Medium tannin
Medium acid
Medium to medium (+) body
Fresh red fruit and spice/herbal

185
Q

Name some Mediterranean grapes grown in McLaren Vale. So what?

A

Mourvedre, Sangiovese, Fiano
Can retain acidity in warm climate better than eg Chardonnay
Growing in popularity but still small

186
Q

McLaren Vale: vineyards tend to be big or small?

A

Dominated by large vineyards
Machine harvest, night harvest

187
Q

McLaren Vale has some fertile soils. So what?

A

Vigorous nature of Shiraz and Grenache -> excess vigour a problem, particularly after a wet winter

Careful vyd mgmt needed

188
Q

Does McLaren Vale have high or low disease pressure? So what?

A

LOW
Ideal for organic and biodynamic (eg Paxton)
Sustainable Winegrowing Australia developed here

189
Q

Sustainable Winegrowing Australia calls for water management. Example of some sustainable water techniques?

A

Dams
Boreholes
Recycled wastewater

190
Q

Significant producers in McLaren Vale

A

Hardys
Mollydooker
Yangarra
Paxton

191
Q

Limestone Coast Zone has a high diurnal range. Why?

A

Summer days can be warm, sometimes hot
Sea breezes moderate temperature
Nights are cool

192
Q

Important regions within Limestone Coast Zone

A

Coonawarra
Mount Benson
Padthaway
Wrattonbully

193
Q

Coonawarra climate

A

Moderate climate
Similar to BORDEAUX, but warmer and drier in growing season

194
Q

Coonawarra is flat. So what?

A

It’s 100km from the coast, but cool afternoon sea breezes make it this far

195
Q

What moderates temperature in Coonawarra?

A

Cooling sea breezes
Cloud cover during the growing season

196
Q

Comment on irrigation in Coonawarra

A

Widely used
Water from underground acquifers

197
Q

What is terra rossa?

A

Coonawarra’s red soil
Free-draining, iron-rich loam (50cm deep)
over a hard limestone base
with soft limestone underneath

-> roots struggle to penetrate -> restrict water access

198
Q

Terra rossa is slightly alkaline. So what?

A

Restricts the uptake of vine nutrients

199
Q

Why does terra rossa soil give lower yields?

A

Hard limestone base is hard to penetrate => restrict water access

Alkaline nature => restrict uptake of nutrients

200
Q

Coonawarra land under vine

A

5,000ha

201
Q

Is Coonawarra entirely terra rossa?

A

No, a narrow strip in the central core of the region only
Elsewhere: limestone, brown/black clay (more water, more vigorous)

202
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon accounts for what % of Coonawarra?

A

50%

203
Q

Coonawarra Cabernet Sauvignon style

A

Medium to full body
Medium alcohol
High tannin, firm
Concentrated dark fruit (cassis to plum)
Mint and eucalyptus
Oak spice

204
Q

How does Coonawrra Shiraz compare to Barossa Shiraz?

A

Lighter bodied than Barossa
But still has concentrated blackberry, herbal, minty
Sometimes blended with Cab Sauv

205
Q

White grapes account for what % of Coonawarra? Key grapes and styles?

A

Just 13%
Chardonnay (ripe pear to pineapple)
Riesling (fruit, lower acidity than elsewhere)

206
Q

Significant producers in Coonawarra?

A

Wynns
Katnook
Majella

207
Q

Coonawarra is geographically isolated. So what?

A

Labour a major problem
Vineayrd work was very mechanised
Recently: migrant labour for summer pruning, green harvest, leaf removal and hand harvest

208
Q

Mainland Australia’s coolest vineyards are in what zone and state?

A

Port Phillip Zone, Victoria

209
Q

Victoria tends to focus on low volume, high quality…except where?

A

Murray-Darling Basin

210
Q

Comment on phylloxera in Victoria

A

Remainsa threat
Recent outbreaks in Yarra Valley (now classified as phylloxera infested)

Some areas (eg Mornington) “at risk” => strict quarantine and biosecurity

Now all new vinse on rootstocks

211
Q

Yarra Valley is part of what zone?

A

Port Phillip Zone

212
Q

Land under vine in Yarra Valley?

A

2,500ha

213
Q

Yarra Valley climate

A

Cool to moderate
Considerable variation due to altitude (50-350m)

214
Q

Yarra Valley split into two. What are they?

A

Upper Yarra (cooler, high altitude, south-east)
Lower Yarra (warmer, low altitude, north-west)

215
Q

How rainy is Yarra Valley? So what?

A

One of Australia’s wettest wine regions
1,100mm
High humidity -> fungal

216
Q

More black or white grapes in Yarra Valley?

A

Black 60%
(over half of which is Pinot Noir)

217
Q

Yarra Valley Pinot Noir style

A

light to medium-bodied

light body:
higher, cooler vineayrds. whole bunch gives perfumed fruity strawb, red cherry, plum

Medium body:
warmer sites, riper fruit new and old oak

218
Q

1 white grape in Yarra Valley?

A

Chardonnay
25% of plantings

219
Q

Yarra Valley Chardonnay style

A

White peach, grapefruit, melon

One of first regions to move away from full body, oaky, tropical style

At first: lean style, pick early, old oak, NO MLF

Now a happy medium: high acid, peach grapefruit, smoky, lees, texture. NO MLF

220
Q

Where in Yarra Valley are Cab Sauv and Shiraz grown?

A

Lower warmer parts
Lower Yarra

221
Q

Yarra Valley Shiraz style

A

Medium body
Fresh blackberry, raspberry, plum, spicy
Maybe whole bunch

222
Q

Significant producers in Yarra Valley

A

Yarra Yering
Mount Mary

223
Q

Morning Peninsula climate

A

Cool to moderate
Can be windy (cooling effect)
Sunshine hours high
Water gives moderating effect also

224
Q

Mornington Peninsula: spring is cool, but frost is very rare. Why?

A

The wind!

225
Q

Effect of wind in Mornington Peninsula

A

Moderates temperatures (keeps em low)
Reduces risk of frost
Reduces risk of disease (high humidity)

226
Q

What/where is Red Hill?

A

A ridge in Mornington Peninsula (otherwise flat)
Variety of microclimates
Red basalt soils -> retain water -> no need to irrigate
but vigour can be a problem

227
Q

Land under vine in Morning Peninsula

A

920ha

228
Q

Pinot Noir is what % of Mornington Peninsula?

A

50%

229
Q

Winemaking techniques used for Pinot Noir in Mornington Peninsula

A

Cold soak (extract colour)
Whole bunch or stems (add complexity, tannin)

230
Q

Chardonnay is what % of Mornington Peninsula grapes?

A

30%

231
Q

Mornington Peninsula Chardonnay style

A

Medium body
High acid
Medium alcohol
Citrus, peach and melon
Lees
Oak

232
Q

Grapes in Mornington Peninsula

A

Pinot Noir (50%)
Chardonnay (30%)
also: Shiraz, Pinot Gris

233
Q

Land prices very high in Mornington Peninsula. Why? So what?

A

Competition from tourism, golf courses, holidays homes

So: no large producers. Only small wineries and vineyards.

234
Q

Significant producers in Mornington Peninsula

A

Portsea Estate
Yabby Lake
Paringa

235
Q

Land under vine in Geelong

A

467ha

236
Q

Where in Australia was phylloxera first divoered?

A

Geelong

237
Q

Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, Geelong and Macedon Ranges are part of what zone?

A

Port Philip Zone (Victoria)

238
Q

What kind of wines are made in Geelong?

A

Chard and Pinot -> riper and fuller than Yarra alley

Also: Shiraz, medium bodied style. And Cabernet SAuvignon

239
Q

Climate in Geelong?

A

Cool. Moderated by Port Philip Baya nd Bass Strait

240
Q

Significant producers in Geelong?

A

Paradise IV Wines
By Farr

241
Q

Macedon Ranges region is part of what zone?

A

Port Philip Zone (Victoria)

242
Q

Land under vine in Macedon Ranges

A

215ha

243
Q

What kind of wine made in Macedon Ranges?

A

One of coolest climates on mainland
-> Chard and Pinot, still and sparkling
-> Riesling (intense lime, lemon)
-> Shiraz (black pepper)

244
Q

Significant regions within Western Victoria Zone

A

Grampians
Pyrenees
Henty

245
Q

Grampians region formerly known as?

A

Great Western (now a sub-region within it)

246
Q

Topography of Pyrenees region (Australia)

A

gentler slopes (vs European Pyrenees)

247
Q

Climate in Grampians and Pyrenees

A

Moderate climate, high diurnal range

248
Q

Soils in Grampians and Pyrenees

A

Retain water but are quite acidic!
Can reduce vigour if not treated with lime

249
Q

What kind of wine is made in Grampians and Pyrenee

A

Shiraz
Medium-bodied, peppery, spicy
Fresh red fruits (cool areas) -> concentrated black fruit (lower, warmer parts)

250
Q

Significant producer in Grampians

A

Mount Langi Ghiran

251
Q

Significant producer in Pyrenees

A

Dalwhinnie

252
Q

Why is Henty one of the coldest Australia regions?

A

Cold Antartic winds (far southwest corner of Victoria)

253
Q

Where is Henty?

A

Part of Western Victoria Zone (far southwest corner of Victoria)

254
Q

Signature grape variety in Henty?

A

Riesling
High acid
Pronounced lemon, lime
Toasty with age

255
Q

Climate in North East Victoria zone?

A

Continental
200km from Melbourne

256
Q

Altitude in King Valley

A

up to 860m
some of Australia’s highest

257
Q

Why is disease a concern in King Valley?

A

Temepratures are cool, rainfall is high

258
Q

Soils in King Valley. So what?

A

Generally quite fertile, well-draining loams.
need to manage vigour!

259
Q

King Valley 50-50 black and white grapes. Why?

A

Variety of conditions (altitude, temperatue etc)
Higher sites: light bodied white, high acid
Lower sites: full body white and red

260
Q

Land under vine in King Valley

A

1,400ha

261
Q

Influence of Italian immigrants in King Valley

A

Settled after WW2
Grew tobacco!
Sparkling wine Glera/Prosecco
Pinot Grigio
Also Barbera, Sangiovese, Nebbiolo

262
Q

Glera/Prosecco what % of King Valley grapes

A

1/3

263
Q

Significant producers in King Valley

A

Pizzini
de Bortoli

264
Q

Where is Beechworth

A

Hills south of Rutherglen

265
Q

Altitude in Beechworth. So what?

A

200-1,000m
Wide range of mesoclimates

266
Q

Beechworth Chardonnay style

A

Medium body
Medium to high acid
Medium alcohol

267
Q

Grapes grown in Beechworth

A

Think Giaconda

Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Shiraz
Sangiovese
Nebbiolo

268
Q

Goulburn Valley makes what kind of wine

A

Ripe full-bodied reds
Whites from Viognier, Marssane and Roussanne

269
Q

Topography of Heathcote

A

Narrow strip on the side of the Mount Carmel Range
160-320

270
Q

Heathcote part of what zone

A

Central Victoria Zone

271
Q

Distinct feature of Heathcote Shiraz?

A

High acid
(Diurnal range)

272
Q

Soil in Heathcote. So what?

A

Calcareous red soil (weathered greenstone)
Retains water
Despite low rainfall, dry-farming is common

273
Q

Black varieties make up what % of Heathcote

A

75%

274
Q

Shiraz is what % of plantinsg in HeatHcote

A

50%

275
Q

Heathcote Shiraz style

A

Medium (+) acidity
Full body
High alcohol
Pronounced ripe dark fruit (black cherry, plum)
Sweet spice

276
Q

Significant producers in Heathcote

A

Heathcote Estate
Jasper Hill

277
Q

What’s the story with Gippsland Zone?

A

Victoria (one of largest zones)
5 unofficial regions
50 wineries, small and family owned
Chard, Pinot, Merlot, Cab

278
Q

Australia’s most heavily populated state?

A

New South Wales

279
Q

Where does NSW rank in Australian production? (in terms of states)

A

Second!

280
Q

Describe the sub-tropical climate that affects Pacific coast north of Sydney (inc. Hunter Valley)

A

Moderate to high temperatures
High humidity
High rain throughout year

281
Q

How far is Hunter Valley Zone from Sydney?

A

200km north of Sydney

282
Q

Hunter Valley Zone contains one region. What’s it called?

A

Hunter

283
Q

How is Hunter region split?

A

Officially into three sub-regions
Unofficial: Lower Hunter and Upper Hunter

284
Q

Climate in Hunter

A

Almost tropical
Summer days exceed 30C regularly
Cool nights
Intense sun

285
Q

Most of Hunter’s rain falls during season. So what?

A

Fungal threat!
But no need to irrigate

286
Q

Why is Hunter often first harvesting region (start and finish) in Oz?

A

Warm climate means early start to ripening
Chance of late summer storms

287
Q

More black or white grapes in Hunter?

A

Almost 50-50

288
Q

Hunter Valley Semillon style

A

Dry
Light body
High acid
Low alcohol (10-11%)
Delicate citrus
Neutral in youth; age for decades (toast, honey, hay)

289
Q

Premium Hunter Valley Semillon: when is it released?

A

May be when it’s already 5 years old

290
Q

Do Hunter Semillons see oak?

A

Rarely

291
Q

Significant producers in Hunter

A

Tyrell’s
Mount Pleasant

292
Q

Other than Semillon, what else grows in Hunter?

A

Chardonnay
Shiraz

293
Q

Central Ranges Zone split into what 3 regions?

A

Mudgee
Orange
Cowra

294
Q

Where is Central Ranges Zone located?

A

New South Wales
Western, inland side of Great Dividing Range

295
Q

Orange, Mudgee and Cowra are part of what zone

A

Central Ranges Zone
New South Wales

296
Q

Climate in Central Ranges Zone?

A

Continental
Altitude gives cooling influence
Wide dirunal range

297
Q

Most distinctive region in Central Ranges Zone?

A

Orange
Labelled “ORange Region”

298
Q

Vineyards of Orange (NSW) located on slopes of what?

A

Mount Canobolas (ancient volcano)
Deep red volcanic basalt

299
Q

In what zone/state would you find the Snowy Mountains?

A

Southern New South Wales Zone
(NSW)

300
Q

Canberra District is in what state?

A

Considered part of New SOuth Wales

(administratively it’s part of Australian Capital Territory)

301
Q

Canberra DIstrict makes what kind of wines?

A

Black grapes, red wines
Shiraz
Shiraz-Viognier

302
Q

Significant producers in Canberra Distrct

A

Clonakilla
Ravensworth

303
Q

Regions within Southern New South Wales Zone

A

Canberra District
Hilltops
Tumbarumba

304
Q

Land under vine in Tasmania

A

1,700ha

305
Q

How far from mainland is Tasmania? What separates them?

A

250km south
Bass Strait

306
Q

Tasmania makes what % of Australia’s wines?

A

Less than 1%

307
Q

More still or sparkling in Tasmnia?

A

2/3s still!

308
Q

Climate in Tasmania

A

Cool maritime
(due to southerly latitude 41-43S; and western prevailing winds)

309
Q

Does Tasmania have sub-GIs?

A

Not officially
Informal sub-regions eg Coal River Valley, Tamar Valley and Piper’s River

310
Q

Tasmania cooler in north or south?

A

Southern Tasmnia is cooler (latitude)
but longer sunshine => help ripening

311
Q

Key grapes in Tasmania?

A

Pinot Noir (42%)
Chardonnay (28%)
still and sparkling wine

312
Q

Tasmanian Pinot Noir style

A

Light to miedum body
Medium (+) to high acidity
Medium alcohol
Strawberry and cherry
Warmer sites = riper, more intense

313
Q

Tasmania Chardonnay style

A

Medium body
Medium alcohol
Apple, white peach, pear
Naturally high acid
YES to MLF (soften acid, more texture)
Barrel ferment and mature (integrate oak)

314
Q

Significant producers in Tasmania

A

Tolpuddle
Tamar Ridge

315
Q

Tasmania is a popular tourist destination. So what?

A

Lots of D2C cellar door sales

316
Q

What is the state capital of Western Australia?

A

Perth

317
Q

Western Australia is the country’s biggest state, but not biggest producer of wine. Why?

A

Most of it is too hot for viti

318
Q

Comment on Swan Valley

A

Part of Greater Perth Zone (Western Australia)
Historically = high yields, ripe grapes. inexpensive and fortified
Same latitude as Hunter

319
Q

Two best regions in South West Australia Zone

A

Margaret River
Great Southern

320
Q

Margaret River is surrounded by what on 3 sides?

A

Water!
Indian OCean (N, W) and SOuthern Ocean (S)

321
Q

What impact do oceans have on Margaret River?

A

Indian and SOuthern Oceans moderate temperature
BUT days are still warm

322
Q

Indian Ocean is relatively warm. So what?

A

Temperatures in Marg River don’t drop away much at night
Grapes can ripen longer each day (vs regions with cooler nights)
=> ripe fruit character

323
Q

Account for ripe fruit character in Margart River wines

A

Indian Ocean warm. Nights stay warm. Grapes ripen longer each day

324
Q

Topography of Margaret River

A

relatively flat
gentle hills and valleys
40-90m
low ridge in centre

325
Q

Margaret RIver soils. So what?

A

Gravelly soils
Free draining => irrigation essential
Low in fertility => manage vigour

326
Q

Marg River has free-draining gravels. Where does irrigation water come from?

A

Dams which store winter rainfall

327
Q

Land under vine in Margaret River

A

5,700ha

328
Q

Dominant grape in Margaret River

A

Cabernet Suavignon (20% of fruit)

329
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon is what % of Margaret River plantings?

A

20%

330
Q

What is Cab Sauv blended with in Marg River?

A

Merlot!

331
Q

Margaret River Cab/Merlot blend style

A

medium (+) acid
Medium (+) to full body
high ripe tannin
blackberry, blackcurrant, spice
Bordeaux style!
French oak (some/all new)

332
Q

Key white grapes in Marg River?

A

Sauv Blanc, Chard and Semillon

333
Q

Marg River: what grape do most producers use for their premium white wine?

A

Chardonnay

334
Q

Marg River Chardonnay style

A

Natural high acid
Medium (+) to full body
Concentrated stone fruit
No MLF (unless v cool year) = retain acid

335
Q

Sauv Blanc blended with what in Marg River?

A

Semillon
Think white Bordeaux

336
Q

Marg River Sauv Blanc/Sem style

A

High acid
Grassy, herbaceous
Fruit: gooseberry, tropical

337
Q

Significant producers in Margaret River

A

Leeuwin
Moss Wood

338
Q

Topography of Great Southern

A

150km east of Marg River
Large, diverse
Coast and inland hills

339
Q

Sub-regions of Great Southern

A

Albany
Denmark
Mount Barker
Porongurup
Frankland River

340
Q

Most parts of Great Southern can be dry-farmed, except…

A

Frankland River

341
Q

What sort of wines are made in Great Southern?

A

Black grapes 55%
Shiraz dominates (30% overall)

342
Q

Significant producers in Great Southern

A

Larry Cherubino
Howard Park
Frankland Estate

343
Q

Comment on Cabernet Sauvignon in Great Southern

A

Mount Barker and warm parts of Denmark: intense, powerful, blackcurrant, herbal

Porongurup (cooler): elegant, medium-bodied, savoury

344
Q

Flagship white grape in Great Southern

A

Riesling

345
Q

Best Great Southern sub-region for Riesling

A

Porongurup
Light-body
Toasty and stony w/ bottle age

346
Q

White grapes grown in Great Southern

A

Riesling
Sauv Blanc
Chardonnay

347
Q

How many wineries (/vineyards with a brand) in Australia?

A

2,250

348
Q

Five main companies in Australian wine

A

Accolade
Casella
Treasury
Pernod Ricard
Australian Vintage

349
Q

Australia’s top 5 companies account for what % of Aussie exports?

A

87%

350
Q

Australia now the 5th largest exporter of wine. What was it in the 80s?

A

exports virtually zero!

351
Q

Top 5 export markets for Aussie wine

A

UK
China
USA
Canada
Germany

352
Q

Aussie exports to China HELPED by what? Then decimated by what?

A

Help: China-Australia FTA
then: crippling tarrifs, trade dispute

D3 KID (35 decks)

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