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D3 KID > Portugal > Flashcards

Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

More red or white wine made in Portugal?

A

More red

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2
Q

Wine in Portugal dates back to when?

A

2000BCE

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3
Q

When was the Treaty of Windsor signed?

A

1386

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4
Q

Methuen Treaty signed when?

A

1703

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5
Q

Damaging events for Portugese wine in 19th and 20th centuries?

A

Peninsular Wars
Portguese Civil War
Frencha dn Spanish wines rise in popularity
Phylloxera (1867)
Antonio de Oliviera Salazar 40-year-rule

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6
Q

Two incredibly Successful Portuguese rose brands launched in 1940s

A

Mateus Rose (1942)
Lancers Rose (1944)

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7
Q

In the 1980s, Mateus Rose was what % of Portugal’s still, unfortified wine exports?

A

40%
No longer the case

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8
Q

What happened to co-ops during Salazar’s rule?

A

Given preferential rights
Badly run and equipped
High volume low quality
Return to democracy: support for co-ops dropped - had to adapt practices (quality) or close

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9
Q

What impact did the 2011-2014 bailout of Portugal by IMF have on wine?

A

Made further development of export markets imperative (domestic market going through austerity)

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10
Q

What impact does the Atlantic have on Portugal?

A

Brings cool, rainy weather to country, particularly northwest

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11
Q

Land under vine in Portugal

A

190,000ha
(has reduced by 85,000ha in last 30 years)

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12
Q

Vineyard land in Portugal has declined over last 30 years. Why/ What kind of vineyards?

A

Portugal joins EU 1986
High-producing vyds on fertile alluvial soils grubbed up (Tejo, Vinho Verdhe, Minho)

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13
Q

What % of wine production takes place on mainland Portugal (vs islands eg Madeira and Azores)

A

99%

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14
Q

What impact has climate change had on Portugal recently?

A

Drought a big issue
Hail and storms
Wildfires

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15
Q

Diseases and pests in Portugal

A

Esca
European grapevine moth

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16
Q

Portugal: significant old bush vines found in what two regions? Smaller plantings in what two other regions?

A

Douro and parts of Alentejo

to a lesser extent: Dao and Bairrada

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17
Q

How are old bush vines usually found in Portugal?

A

in mixed vineyards, producing field blends

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18
Q

Does Portugal have a high or low proportion of organic certification?

A

Quite low
2,700ha (out of 190,000ha)
Some producers work organically but don’t get certification

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19
Q

Most Portuguese wines are blends. Some exeptions?

A

Baga in Bairrada
Encruzado in Dao
Alvainho in Moncao e Melgaco (part of Vinho Verde)

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20
Q

Most planted grape in Portugal?

A

Aragonez/Tinta Roriz (TEMPRANILLO)

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21
Q

Top 3 planted grapes in Portugal

A

Aragonez/Tinta Roriz
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional

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22
Q

Most planted white grape in Portugal

A

Fernao Pires/Maria Gomes

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23
Q

What is Maria Gomes?

A

most planted white grape in Portugal
aka Fernao Pires

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24
Q

Frenao Pires aka

A

Maria Gomes
most planted white grape in Portugal

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25
Q

Some impacts of Portugal joining EU on winegrowing/amking?

A

Grubbed up shite high-productive vyds - less land under vine now, higher quality grapes
Modernisation of techniques in winery (protective winemaking, French oak, de-stemming etc)

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26
Q

Most common source of oak in Portugal?

A

French oak
some American used

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27
Q

Tradition for large 3,000-6,000L toneis in Portuguese/Brazilian oak is kept alive where?

A

Bairrada
Trend to less new small oak, more big old oak

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28
Q

Examples of sources/styles/sizes of large oak used increasingly in Portugal?

A

traditional toneis (3-6,000l, Brazilian or Portuguese)
new foudres (2,000-2,500L)
oak from France, Italy, Austria
Portuguese oak
chestnut

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29
Q

foot-treading lagares traditionally made from what materials?

A

local materials
schist, granite, marble

now: stainless steel, easy to clean

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30
Q

what is “talha”?

A

Local name for clay amphora in Alentejo

DOC Vinho de Talha

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31
Q

What is DOC Vinho de Talha

A

PDO for red and white wines fermented in clay amphora on skins in Alentejo

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32
Q

How many DOCs in Portugal?

A

31

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33
Q

What is VR (Portugal)

A

Vinho Regional
PGI
14 VRs in Portugal

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34
Q

Grape growing is what % of Portuguese national agricultural output?

A

35%
the highest in the world!

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35
Q

Until the Carnation Revolution (1974), where did Portuguese bulk wine go?

A

Former colonies in Africa: Angola and Mozambique

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36
Q

Example of a big brand Vinho Verde

A

Casal Garcia

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37
Q

What has Sogrape done since the 1980s?

A

Expanded from being a negociant into owning estates
Bought lots of Port brands and estates in Vinho Verde, Douro, Dao, Alentejo and Lisboa

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38
Q

What is the biggest wine company in Portugal?

A

Sogrape

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39
Q

How big is Sogrape’s business in relative terms?

A

Annual revenue is bigger than that of next 7 biggest producers combined!

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40
Q

How many co-ops in Portugal?

A

73 today
it has dropped recently

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41
Q

Largest export markets for Portuguese wine (including fortified and sparkling)

A

France, Angola, Germany, UK

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42
Q

Vinho Verde: land under vine

A

16,000ha

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43
Q

What’s the VR in Vinho Verde?

A

Minho VR
identical boundaries to DOC Vinho Verde, much smaller production

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44
Q

Vinho Verde climate

A

moderate maritime
Atlantic coast and river valleys funnel Atlantic winds inland

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45
Q

Where is Vinho Verde located?

A

north-west corner of Portugal
Atlantic to the west
River Minho/Spanish border (and Rias Baixas) to the north, mountains of Peneda-Geres National Park to the south

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46
Q

How many sub-regions in Vinho Verde?

A

9
e.g. Baiao, Moncao e Melgaco

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47
Q

Is Vinho Verde rainy?

A

Yes, high rainfall
1,500mm

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48
Q

How does rain impact Vinho Verde?

A

ripening and yields can dramatically change

fungal diseases a problem

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49
Q

Largest DOC producing region in Portugal?

A

it varies depending on the vintage conditions (rain etc)
either Port or Vinho Verde

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50
Q

Rain makes fungal disease a problem in Vinho Verde. how was that handled traditionally?

A

train vines up trees => better air circulation

Some still do in small amounts. but generally trellis and VSP/lyre, trained high to improve airflow

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51
Q

Major change in Vinho Verde since the late 1960s?

A

In the 60s: 80% of wine was RED
Now: 80% white

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52
Q

breakdown of red/white/rose in Vinho Verde

A

80% white
14% red
5% rosé

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53
Q

Most widely planted grape in Vinho Verde

A

Loureiro (aka Loureira in Rias Biaxas)

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54
Q

Top three planted grapes in Vinho Verde

A
  1. Loureiro
  2. Alvarinho
  3. Pederna
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55
Q

What is Loureiro? When does it ripen? What wines does it produce?

A

White grape
Most-planted grape in Vinho Verde
mid-ripening
Citrus, pear, floral and herbal
Medium (+) acid

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56
Q

Alvarinho style (Vinho Verde)

A

citrus, peach, sometimes tropical
medium (+) body
medium (+) to high acid

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57
Q

Which sub-region of Vinho Verde is most associated with Alvarinho?

A

Moncao e Melgaco
north of PDO, near Spanish border

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58
Q

What is Vinhao?

A

Most planted black grape in Vinho Verde
aka Sousao (Douro) and Souson (Galicia)

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59
Q

Vinhao aka

A

Sousao (Douro)
Souson (Galicia)

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60
Q

Vinhao style

A

Deep colour
Cherry
High acid

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61
Q

Vinho Verde often has a little spritz. How?

A

Carbon dioxide added at bottling

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62
Q

white Vinho Verde style

A

low alcohol
medium (+) to high acid
apple, citrus, peach
maybe some RS

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63
Q

Most inexpensive Vinho Verde made by what kind of companies

A

Co-ops
large merchants

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64
Q

Minimum abv for Vinho Verde

A

8% abv
(9% abv if a sub-region is stated eg Moncao e Melcago)

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65
Q

Specific rules for single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco (Vinho Verde)

A

lower yields
min abv 11.5%
only Moncao e Melgaco can name single varietal Alvarinho on label
Since 2016, other sub-regions can name Alvarinho if part of a blend only

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66
Q

How many growers in Vinho Verde?

A

17,250 growers
1,588ha of vines!
hugely fragmented

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67
Q

There are 17,250 growers in Vinho Verde. How many bottle their own wine?

A

Just 400

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68
Q

Significant producers in Vinho Verde

A

Anselmo Mendes
Quinta de Soalheiro

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69
Q

Land under vine in Douro DOC

A

38,000ha

NB this includes Port and unfortified wines

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70
Q

First ambitious producer of unfortified wine in Douro? Name of his wine?

A

Fernando Nicolau de Almeida
Barca Velha

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71
Q

What is Barca Velha?

A

First ambitious unfortified wine from Douro
Fernando Nicolau de Almeida
1952 first vintage
inspired by Bordeaux

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72
Q

When did unfortified Douro wine production really take off?

A

After Portugal joined EU 1986

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73
Q

Three subregions of Douro Valley

A

Baixa Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior

74
Q

What is Serra do Marao?

A

mountain that marks western limit of Douro region
1,415m at highest point
shields Douro from worst of Atlantic cool, damp weather

75
Q

Climate in Douro?

A

Warm continental
Serra do Marao shelters from Atlantic
but site selection important

76
Q

Are single varietal wines common in Douro DOC?

A

You can find Tinta Roriz or Touriga Nacional
But it’s rare; mostly blends

77
Q

What do Touriga Franca and Touriga Nacional bring to Douro blends?

A

Retain acidity well
Ripe but not jammy
Black fruits
Tend to lead blends

78
Q

What does Sousao bring to Douro blends?

A

high acid, even in warm years

79
Q

Example of some native Douro grapes

A

Viosinho
Rabigato
Gouveio

80
Q

Moscatel Galego Branco aka

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains

81
Q

Douro DOC can make what kind of wine(s)?

A

Still red, rosé or white
Sparkling
Majority is RED

82
Q

Still red wine account for what % of Douro DOC sales?

A

70%

83
Q

What is “vinhas velhas”?

A

Portuguese for old vine

84
Q

Significant producers of dry still Douro wines

A

Virtually all Port houses
Prats & Symington
Quinta do Vale Meao

85
Q

Douro DOC reds: grapes usually destemmed. Why?

A

High tannin levels => additional tannin rarely needed
don’t want to risk green, unripe flavours

86
Q

Fermentation temp range for dry red Douro?

A

Relatively low
24-28C
allow to control tannin extraction

87
Q

Use of lagares in dry red Douro?

A

Some produces blend some lagare-fermented wine in
Others start the fermentation of lagares
Can be easier to monitor extraction level in open lagar vs closed tank

88
Q

Is post-fermentation maceration common in dry red Douro?

A

inexpensive wines: no; pressed off skins after ferment
premium wines: yes to further extract and soften tannins

89
Q

Dry white wine accounts for what % of Douro DOC sales?

A

25%

90
Q

Port accounts for what % of production in Douro region?

A

over 60%

91
Q

Production trend for dry Douro DOC?

A

Upward trajectory!
330,000hl in 2008
515,000hl in 2017

92
Q

What is the VR in Douro?

A

VR Duriense
much lower volumes
producers can use int’l grapes eg Riesling, Chard, Syrah

93
Q

How many co-ops in Douro? So what?

A

23 of ‘em
they make inexpensive blends

94
Q

Are grapes for Douro DOC controlled by the Beneficio?

A

no!
prices received for Douro DOC grapes much lower than Port
in years of surplus: drop even further, sometimes below cost

95
Q

Where is Dao DOC located?

A

further south than Vinho Verde and Douro
inland from Bairrada

96
Q

VR in Dao?

A

VR Terras do Dao
not commonly used

97
Q

Dao is surrounded by mountains. What do they do?

A

Protect from maritime (west)
Protect from warm, arid (east and south)

98
Q

Dao climate

A

Mediterranean
Warm, dry summers
Mild winters

99
Q

Comment on rainfall in Dao

A

It’s relatively high!
1,600mm in the west (near sea), 1,100 in the east
Mainly in autumn nd winter

100
Q

Land under vine in Dao

A

20,000 ha
Land mass is much large though - this is 5% of it
There’s also pine and eucalyptus forests

101
Q

What % of land in Dao is planted to vineyeards?

A

Just 5%
also pine and eucalyptus forests

102
Q

Soils in Dao. So what?

A

Weathered granite with sandy or loamy texutre
Low in organic matter and free draining => manage vigour well
Water stress can be an issue

103
Q

Harvest sizes vary a lot in Dao. Why? And what happened recently?

A

Weather impacts it hugely
High of 255,000hl in 2017
followed by 10-year low (155,000hl) the next year
Difficult to plan volumes!

104
Q

More red or white wine in Dao?

A

80% red

105
Q

Key black grapes in Dao? (80% of wine is red)

A

Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Jaen (aka Mencia)
Alfrocheiro

106
Q

Touriga Nacional style (Dao)

A

Deep colour
High tannin
High acid
Black fruit, floral, herbal

107
Q

Tinta Roiz style (Dao)

A

Ripens earlier than Touriga N
Deep colour
Medium to medium (+) tannin
Full body

108
Q

What is Jaen?

A

Black grape in Dao
aka Mencia!

109
Q

Jaen style

A

Moderate acidity
Raspberry and blackberry
Can be carbonic maceration

110
Q

What are Jaen and Alfrocheiro used for in Dao?

A

Single varietal wines = soft, fruity, maybe carbonic maceration
Soften bigger blends (Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roiz)

111
Q

Key quality white grape in Dao?

A

Encruzado

112
Q

What is Encruzado?

A

The key white grape for quality wines in Dao

113
Q

Encruzado style

A

Medium to medium (+) acid
Full body
Lemon and peach, floral
Neutral vessel or oak
Lees ageing/stirring

114
Q

Are vineyard holdings big or small in Dao?

A

Small!
30,000 growers (20,000 hectares)
90% have less than 0.5ha

115
Q

Significant producers in Dao?

A

Vinha Paz
Quinta da Pellada

116
Q

What % of Dao wine is exported?

A

15-20%
Canada, Brazil, USA, China

117
Q

Where is Bairrada located?

A

West of Dao - close to coast

118
Q

Bairrada climate

A

Maritime

119
Q

Land under vine in Bairrada?

A

10,000ha

120
Q

What is Cantanhede?

A

Unofficial subzone in Bairrada
Warmer southern part
Limestone-clay soils

121
Q

Comment on soils in Bairrada?

A

West: fertile alluvial soils from river estauries, limestone clay slopes
South: warmer! limestone-clay

122
Q

Dominant black grape in Bairrada?

A

Baga

123
Q

What is Baga?

A

Dominant black grape in Bairrada

124
Q

Baga style

A

High acid
High tannins
Medium body
Cranberry, cherry, plum
Astringent when young, softens and complexes with age

125
Q

Baga was traditionally used for what?

A

Grown at high yields, sold to co-ops
Low fruit concentration, high yield, fresh acid
Used for Mateus rose

126
Q

How has Baga production developed in last 30 years?

A

Greater focus on quality
Better understanding of vineyard practice = high quality wines

127
Q

Baga is late ripening and productive. So what?

A

For full ripeness, it:
Needs careful site slection
Needs limited yields

128
Q

What soils are best for Baga? Why?

A

Limestone-clay
Optimum balance of water retentiona dn drainage
Vine has enough water to ripen but not be overly vigorous
light coloured soil reflects solar energy, aiding ripening

129
Q

Baga was traditionally fermented on stems. So what?

A

Reputation for astringent wines best drunk after years in bottle
Most producers de-stem now

130
Q

Most producers now de-stem Baga. But some use a % of whole bunch or keep a % of stems. Why?

A

Give fresher fruit character
Enhance aromas (whole bunch)
Give greater structure (stems) for ageing

131
Q

Bairrada: what are toneis? and what are they made from?

A

Large barrels
Portuguese oak, Brazilian hardwood

132
Q

Other than Baga, what black grapes allowed in Bairrada DOC?

A

Touriga Nacional
Alfrocheiro
Jaen
Camarate
Cabernet SAuvignon
Merlot

133
Q

What is Camarate?

A

local red variety in Bairrada
full body
medium tannin
red fruit

134
Q

Bairrada: wines labelled Baga Classico must be what % of Baga?

A

min 50% Baga
min 85% of any blend of Baga, Alfrocheiro, Touriga nacional, Jaen and Camarate

135
Q

Key white grape varieties in Bairrada

A

Maria Gomes (aka Fernao Pires)
Bical
Arinto
Cercial

136
Q

Most planted white grape in Portugal?

A

Maria Gomes (aka Fernao Pires)

137
Q

Maria Gomes/Fernao Pires style

A

early ripening
high yields
citrus and floral

138
Q

Lead producing region of trad method sparkling wine in Portugal?

A

Bairrada

139
Q

What is Baga Friends?

A

small group of producers in Bairrada
club together, make high quality wines 100% from Baga

140
Q

VR in Bairrada?

A

Beira Atlantico VR
(boundaries extend beyond DOC)

141
Q

Why do producers like Luis Pato and Filipa Pato use the Beira Atlantico VR as opposed to Bairrada DOC?

A

Object to international varieties (Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet etc) being permitted in DOC

142
Q

When was Vinho de Talha DOC introduced? For what?

A

2010
wines fermented on skins in Alentejano region

143
Q

Climate in Alentejo

A

Mediterranean
hot dry summers
mild winters

144
Q

There are long periods of dry weather in Alentejo. So what?

A

Drip irrigation is widely used

145
Q

Are single varietal wines common in Alentejo DOC?

A

Not really
Wide range of grapes available, tend to be blends

146
Q

Key black grapes in Alentejo DOC

A

Aragonez (Tinta Roriz/Tempranillo)
Alicante Ouschet
Trincadeira

147
Q

Why is timing of harvest important for Aragonez (aka Tinta Roriz/Tempranillo)?

A

It’s early ripening. If left on vine it can become extra ripe
Best grows in cooler areas and sites

148
Q

What is Alicante Bouschet? What style of wine does it make?

A

Red-fleshed grape variety
Deep colour
High acid
High tannins
Red and black berry fruits

149
Q

Most common international variety in Alentejo?

A

Syrah

150
Q

Key white grapes in Alentejo?

A

Roupeiro
Arinta
Antao Vaz

151
Q

Portugese region with largest domestic sales?

A

Alentejo
37% of Portuguese market by volume
(40% by value)

152
Q

Alentejo wines account for what % of total Portuguese exports?

A

20% (a considerable number!!)

153
Q

Alentejo is an area of relatively big vineyard holdings (compared to elsewhere in Portugal). Why?

A

High sunshine hours
Dry summers
Relatively flat topography
Expansive plains
Well suited to cost-effective, high volume, mechanised viticulture

154
Q

Alentejo is close to Lisbon. So what?

A

Strong focus on wine tourism
Designer wineries with large cellar doors

155
Q

What is the Serra de Montejunto?

A

Coastal mountain range in Lisboa, splits the region into two distinct areas

156
Q

Lisboa land under vine

A

18,000ha

157
Q

Lisboa divided into a western (Atlantic) and eastern (inland) zones. So what?

A

West: wet weather, strong winds => challenging viti
Lighter bodied fresh styles of wine, clay-limestone soils

East: more protected
riper, full bodied wines

Serra de Montejunto divides the region

158
Q

Best known DOCs in Lisboa?

A

Alenquer and Bucelas
both on eastern side of coastal mountains

159
Q

What is Alenquer?

A

DOC in Lisboa
Eastern side of coastal mountains
Full bodied reds (Touriga Nacionala nd Aragonez)

160
Q

What is Bucelas?

A

Small DOC in Lisboa
historic
high acid wines from Arinto (min 75%)

161
Q

What’s notable about Colares DOC?

A

Sandy soils, phylloxera free
Lisboa
Historically important but vyds eaten up by growing suburbs of Lisbon!

162
Q

Where are the DOCs of Alenquer and Bucelas located?

A

Lisboa
Eastern side of coastal mounatins

163
Q

Majority of production from Lisboa comes from which single DOC/VR?

A

Lisboa VR

(also significant quantity of wine without a GI)

164
Q

Why might a grower use Lisboa VR rather than say Alenquer DOC to label their wines?

A

Better int’l recognition of “Lisboa”/Lisbon
Flexibility in rules

165
Q

Biggest producer in Lisbao?

A

Casa Santos Lima
Inexpensive, mid-priced
Private labels for retailers, mostly export

166
Q

Climate in Peninsula de Setubal?

A

Mediterranean
hot dry summers
mild wet winters

167
Q

Casa Santos Lima is the biggest producer in what region?

A

Lisboa

168
Q

Two DOCs in Peninsula de Setubal?

A

Palmela DOC
Setubal DOC

169
Q

Where is Palmela DOC located?

A

Peninsula de Setubal

170
Q

Palmela DOC primarily makes what kind of wine?

A

Red wines
67% Castelao (aka Periquita)

171
Q

Palmela DOC style

A

Red wines from majority of Castelao (aka Periquita)
Deep colour
Full body
Red berry
Oak spice

172
Q

Palmela DOC has limestone slopes and warm, sandy soils on a plain. Which is best for concentrated, age-worthy reds? (Castelao grape)

A

Age-worthy wines on flat plains (somewhat counterintuitively!)

173
Q

White wines from Palmela DOC: which grapes?

A

Fernao Pires
Moscatel
Arinto

174
Q

Setubal DOC makes what kind of wines?

A

Sweet, fortified wines from Moscatel varieties

175
Q

VR for Peninsula de Setubal?

A

Peninsula de Setubal VR

176
Q

Jose Maria de Fonseca created which two brands?

A

Lancers
Periquita

177
Q

Where is Tejo located?

A

Inland from Lisboa

178
Q

What is Tejo named for?

A

Tejo river (aka River Tagus)

179
Q

Tejo is the name of both a DOC and a VR. T/F?

A

True
The VR has a wider area, more grape varieties, larger yields and overall bigger production

180
Q

Significant producers in Tejo?

A

Quinta da Alorna
Fiuza & Bright

D3 KID (35 decks)

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