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D3 KID > Greece > Flashcards

Greece Flashcards

1
Q

Modern Greek wine culture (Estate-produced, high quality) dates back to when?

A

1970s and 1980s

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2
Q

What spurred on Greek exports in recent past?

A

Financial crisis of 2008 = drop in domestic consumption, producers had to look for exports

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3
Q

Latitude of Greek vineyards

A

Between 34-42N

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4
Q

Greek climate

A

Generally Mediterranean
Long hot summers
Short mild winters

(more continental inland)

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5
Q

Santorini is part of what island group?

A

Cyclades

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6
Q

Rain levels in Greece

A

Varies widely
Santorini is extremely dry
Average in other regions 400-700mm
Little/no rain during growing season
Water stress a problem = irrigation

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7
Q

Greek soils high or low fertility?

A

Mostly low fertility; yields low
Except on the fertile plains
Greek farmers usually keep fertile soils for more lucrative crps (less fertile aldn for olives and vines)

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8
Q

Land under vine in Greece

A

106,000
(only 61,500 for wine, the rest for table and drying grapes)

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9
Q

Average vineayrd holding in Greece

A

Very small
0.5ha

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10
Q

Why are many Greek vineyards worked by hand?

A

Very small size (average 0.5ha)
Tricky terrain - mountainous

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11
Q

When did Greece join EU? So what?

A

1981
Gained access to funding for vineyards etc

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12
Q

Hot dry conditions mean Greece is suitable for what kind of viticulture?

A

Organic and biodynamic

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13
Q

Vine training Greece

A

Most are trellised
Cordon-trained with VSP

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14
Q

Irrigaition in Greece

A

Necessary and permitted
Mostly for international varieties; local varieties adapted to drought
Drip irrigation used awlays

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15
Q

Indigenous varieties account for what % of Greek vineyards?

A

90%

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16
Q

How many indigenous varieties are there in Greece?

A

Unknown, more discovered all the time
Estimate 300
Around 60 grown in significant amounts

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17
Q

International varieties took hold in Greece in 1980s. Why?

A

Demand for them domestically
Concern on part of growers looking to export that export markets wouldn’t want unknown local varieties, hard to pronounce etc

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18
Q

Examples (2) of successful blended wines between one international and one indigenous Greek variety

A

Sauvignon Blanc with Assyrtiko
Merlot with Xinomavro

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19
Q

Most planted grape variety in Greece

A

Savatiano
White grape
The workhorse of central Greece

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20
Q

Why is Savatiano considered the workhorse grape of central Greece

A

Drough resistant!
Large volumes of inexpensive wine, key ingredient in Retsina

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21
Q

Savatiano style

A

White wine
Subtle aromas of citrus, pear, stone-fruit
Nutty character with age

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22
Q

Greece: most planted white grape, most planted red grape

A

White: Savatiano
Red: Agiorgitiko

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23
Q

What is notable about Roditis’ skin

A

White grape with pink skin
Rarely affects colour unless macerated for a few hours

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24
Q

Roditis style

A

White wine
Medium body
High acid
Ripe melon

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25
Q

What is Greece’s best known and most prized indigenous white grape?

A

Assyrtiko

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26
Q

Assyrtiko is originally from what part of Greece?

A

Santorini
Now planted widely on mainland

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27
Q

Assyrtiko acidity level. So what?

A

High acid, even when fully ripe
Balances high alcohol
Age well
Makes Assyrtiko suitable for luscious sweet wine (eg Visnanto)

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28
Q

Dry Assyrtiko style

A

Citrus, stone fruit, tropical fruit
Strong smoky or flint
If oak aged: fuller body, more secondary

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29
Q

What is Moschofilero

A

White grape, Greece
Aromatic wines, floral and rose and spice (not unlike Muscat)
High acid
Light body
Low alcohol
Pink skin, pink tinge
Some rose

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30
Q

Moschofilero is mainly planted where

A

Mantinia, in the Peloponnese

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31
Q

Malagousia style

A

White wine
Medium acid
Medium body
Complex, intense stone fruit, flowers
Cold sties: herbal, herbaceous

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32
Q

Most planted black grape in Greece?

A

Agiorgitiko

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33
Q

Agiorgitiko makes what style of wine?

A

It’s versatile
Lighter, fruity, early drinking -> complex, full body
Rosé
Sweet

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34
Q

Agirogitiko aromas

A

Ripe red fruit (can become jammy if extra ripe_
Sweet spices

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35
Q

Agiorgitiko mostly found where in Greece?

A

Peloponnese
Particularly highly regarded from PDO Nemea

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36
Q

Greece’s most prized indigenous black grape

A

Xinomavro

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37
Q

Where is Xinomavro grown?

A

All over northern Greece
Most famously from Naoussa in northern Macedonia

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38
Q

Xinomavro often compared to what other grape? Why?

A

Nebbiolo
In youth: v high acid adn tannin, vegetal rather than frutiy aromas
Pale coloured, turn garnet quickly

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39
Q

Ageing potential for Xinomavro?

A

The best can age for decades: develop complex flowers, herbs, spices, leather and earthiness

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40
Q

Why is Merlot sometimes blended with Xinomavro?

A

Merlot softens out Xinomavro’s rough edges

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41
Q

Greek wine production since 1990s: how has volume changed?

A

Production levels have fallen
2.6m hL in 2017 (vs 3.5m hL in 1990)

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42
Q

Traditionally Greek wines crushed how; fermented in what?

A

Crushed by foot
Fermented in old casks, oak or chestnut

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43
Q

Two grape varieties that producers are trialling lees contact with? (Greece)

A

Assyrtiko
Malagousia

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44
Q

Modern day popularity of Retsina started when and why?

A

Late 19th century
Increased tourism after world wars, sales boomed in 1960s

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45
Q

What is the key additive to Retsina?

A

pine resin

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46
Q

Where in Greece is Retsina produced?

A

All over, but mostly from the hot central plains

47
Q

Key grapes for Retsina?

A

Savatiano
Roditis

48
Q

Resin added to retsina at what point?

A

Added to must, then left on lees for no more than a week after fermentation

49
Q

Retsina has a special legal status. what is it?

A

Wine of appellation by tradition
OKP in Greek

50
Q

Premium Retsina made from what grape?

A

Assyrtiko

51
Q

Greek equivalent of PDO?

A

POP
Prostatevmeni Onomasia Proelefsis
33 of them throughout Greece, 20% of production

52
Q

How many PDOs in Greece?

A

33
they’re called POPs
Account for 20% of Greek production

53
Q

What % of Greek production is PDO level?

A

20%

54
Q

Why is PDO Naoussa unusual compared to other Greek PDOs?

A

It has ageing requirements

55
Q

Greek PDO wines usually restricted to native varieties. One major exception?

A

Muscat, for sweet wines

56
Q

Greek PGI equivalent

A

PGE
There are 120 of them
62% of overall production

57
Q

Account for popularity of PGI production in Greece. (62% of production was 20% for PDO)

A

Less strict rules on growing and winemaking
International varieties!

58
Q

What is OKP?

A

A special category for traditional Greek products that don’t quite fit “wine” description
e.g. Retsina

59
Q

Two leading PDOs in Macedonia

A

Naoussa
Amynteo

60
Q

Rainfall in Macedonia

A

Falls throughout the year
650-700mm, adequate
Water stress not a big issue

61
Q

Important PGIs in Macedonia?

A

Drama
Kavala
Fertile soils on plains, warm Mediterranean climate, dry conditions = good and v good quality

62
Q

Macedonia traditionally white or red wine?

A

Red
PDOs Naoussa and Amynteo: red only, 100% Xinomavro
Drama Valley: Bordeaux blends
Some noteworthy whites too

63
Q

PDO Naoussa: grape variety/s?

A

100% Xinomavro
High acid, high tannins
Complex
Ageworthy

64
Q

Important producers in Naoussa

A

Kir-Yianni
Thymiopoulos Vineyards

65
Q

PDO Naoussa vineyards are where?

A

South-eastern slopes of MOUNT VERMIO
150-400m
Sheltered from strong winds

66
Q

PDO Naoussa: traditional ageing/style

A

Large old wood
Spicy and meaty (rather than fruit)

67
Q

How has ageing and style for Naoussa developed?

A

Traditional: large old wood, spicy, meaty flavours
1990s: new French oak, firm tannins, body, oak
Now: more restrained style. riper fruit. cold soak/whole bunch to get more colour but less tannin

68
Q

PDO Naoussa and PDO Amynteo both around what mountain?

A

Mount Vermio
Naoussa on southeast side
Amynteo on northwest side

69
Q

Amynteo temperature is regulated by what?

A

Lakes

70
Q

PDO Amynteo what grape/s?

A

100% Xinomavro
(like PDO Naoussa)

71
Q

Key difference in wine that can be produced between PDO Naoussa and Amynteo?

A

Naoussa: red wine only
Amynteo: red and rosé

72
Q

Wine style: reds from Naoussa vs Amynteo

A

Both 100% Xinomavro
Amynteo has cooler temperatures (NW side of Mount Vermio, not protected from winds etc)
=> usually lighter body, lower tannin, distinct floral character

73
Q

Which region has largest vineyard planting in Greece?

A

Peloponnese
(southern part of mainland)
30% of national planting

74
Q

Topography of Peloponnese

A

Mountainous
Poor, rocky soils
Small amounts of faltter land (eg Patra plains)

75
Q

Peloponnese is dominated by white grapes except for which PDO?

A

PDO Nemea
Red wines, 100% Agiorgitiko

76
Q

Key white grapes in Peloponnese?

A

Moschofilero
Roditis

77
Q

PGI Slopes of Aigialia is located where

A

Peloponnese

78
Q

Name of canal that separates Peloponnese from the rest of mainland Greece

A

Corinth Canal

79
Q

PDO Nemea makes what kind of wines?

A

Red
100% Agiorgitiko
Dry and sweet (sweet are rare)

80
Q

New style emerging in PDO Nemea

A

Semi carbonic maceration = fruity flavours, low tannins
(still 100% Agiorgitiko)

81
Q

Important producers in Nemea PDO

A

Gaia Wines
Tselepos

82
Q

Climate in Nemea PDO

A

Mediterranean

83
Q

Nemea PDO usually divided into three distinct zones. What are they?

A

Low zone: valley floor, 230-400m. hottest. most fertile. inexpensive, high-quality sweet.

Mid zone: 450-650m. best for quality. poor soils, low yields, cool days. not homogenous.

High zone: 650-1,000m. agiorgitiko struggle to ripen. rose production.

84
Q

Mantinia PDO climate

A

One of coolest grape growing areas in Greece
southerly latitude but high altitude (start 600m)
long growing season, ahrvest in Oct/Nov

85
Q

Mantinia PDO wine style/grapes

A

White wines only
Moschofilero min 85% (many are 100%)

86
Q

Mantinia PDO style

A

White wine, Moschofilero dominant
High acid
low to med alc
medium (-) to medium body
floral and spicy

87
Q

Key producers in Mantinia PDO

A

Boutari and Sémeli Estate

88
Q

Why is grape growing on Greek Islands relatively expensive?

A

Difficult conditions (strong winds, low rain, rocky soils with poor water retention)

89
Q

Most famous Greek island for wine

A

Santorini (part of Cyclades)

90
Q

Key grape on Santorini? Key style/s

A

Assyrtiko
Dry and sweet white

91
Q

Last major volcanic eruption on Santorini? (and last minor one)

A

Major: 1500BC
Minor: 1950

92
Q

Why are vines trained in baskets on Santorini?

A

Winds are really strong

93
Q

How are basket vines done on Santorini?

A

Each year, vines woven around the previous year’s growth
When a basket gets too bulky (20 yrs or so), it’s cut off and new one started from a shoot
Specialsied work => 4x the labour required for conventional trellis

94
Q

How much more labour intensive is basket training (Santorini) than conventional trellis systems?

A

4x more labour

95
Q

Is Santorini rainy?

A

Very limited rainfall throughout the year
Growing season can be completely dry

96
Q

Vine density on Santorini

A

Basket vines
2,500 vines per hectare

97
Q

Is Phylloxera an issue on Santorini?

A

No
Some vines have roots and trunks that are 400 years old

98
Q

Account for low vigour and low yields on Santorini

A

Volcanic soil is infertile
Low rainfall

99
Q

Yields in Santorini? Maximum vs average

A

Maximum 60hl/ha (lowest permitted in Greece)
In practicse, more like 15hl/ha

100
Q

PDO Santorini for what kind of wines? What requirements?

A

Drya nd sweet white
Dry: 75% Assyrtiko min
Sweet: 51% Assyrtiko min
many of the best are single varietals

101
Q

PDO Santorini: dry white style

A

High acid
Medium to high alcohol
Smoky
Best can age for 10 years in bottle
Honey, toasty

102
Q

Assyrtiko on Santorini: fermentation temp, vessel

A

Low temperatures
Stainless steel, other neutral vessel

103
Q

How is Vinsanto made on Santorini?

A

Late-harvested grapes (51% Assyrtiko)
Dried in the sun for up to 2 weeks
Aged min 2 years in oak (many age for longer)
encourage oxidation

104
Q

Santorini Vinsanto style

A

Raisings, coffee, chocolate
Sweet (200-300g/l)
High acid

105
Q

Significant producers on Santorini (Vinsanto)

A

Estate Argyros
Domaine Siglas

106
Q

How many grape growers in Greece?

A

7,000
Small plots, sell to large producers

107
Q

Largest producers in Greece?

A

Greek Wine Cellars
Boutaris Group

108
Q

How many wineries in Greece?

A

1,000
Most very small
Sell wine locally or in bulk to co-ops/big companies

109
Q

Example of a quality Greek co-op?

A

Samos

110
Q

Samos co-op (Greece) has a reputation for what kind of wine?

A

Sweet

111
Q

What % of Greek wine is exported?

A

13%

112
Q

Biggest export market for Greek wine?

A

Germany
40% of Greek exports

113
Q

Key challenge for Greek producers internationally?

A

Customers unfamiliar with grape vareities
Yet indigenous grapes play an important point of difference

D3 KID (35 decks)

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