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D3 - Wines of the World (superset) > Southern Rhône Valley COPY > Flashcards

Southern Rhône Valley COPY Flashcards

1
Q

List the key appellations of Southern Rhone

A

Cotes du Rhone / Cotes du Rhone Villages

Chateauneuf du Pape

Gigondas / Vacqueras

Tavel / Lirac

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2
Q

What is the climate of Southern Rhone?

What are summers/winters like?

What are 2 risks of the climate?

What is the terrain like?

A

Mediterranean

Hot, dry summers tempered by wide diurnal swings.

Mild winters with heavy autumnal rains.

Risks - drought and vine damage from Mistral winds.

Terrain: Rugged garrigue scrubland that turns into a valley.

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3
Q

How is Grenache usually trained and why?

A

Bush trained (Gobelet)

Gives protection from Mistral and increases warmth from stony soils

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4
Q

What are the best soils in Southern Rhone?

A

Sand, gravel and clay, along with large stones called Galets

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5
Q

What are the 5 key black grapes of the Southern Rhone?

A

Mostly Grenache, Syrah and Mourvèdre plus some Cinsault and Carignan

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6
Q

What are the main differences in style between Northern and Southern Rhone wines?

A

Southern Rhone wines are typically richer, riper and higher in alcohol.

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7
Q

What does Syrah bring to Southern Rhone blends?

A

Extra colour and tannin but struggles in hotter sites

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8
Q

What does Mourvèdre bring to Southern Rhone blends?

A

Very high tannin, dense black fruit and meaty aromas Thrives in the heat

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9
Q

What does Cinsault bring to Southern Rhone blends and what is it often used for?

A

Low tannin, red fruit flavours Often blended with Grenache to make fruity Rosé

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10
Q

What 4 key factors are responsible for the broad differences in style of CNdP wines?

A
  1. Soil Types: Vastly varied over the appellation’s 3000 acres.
  2. Use of oak: Some age for a long time in old oak foudres, others in new barrique.
  3. Assemblage: Producers vary greatly in style when selecting from the 13 varieties allowed.
  4. Use of Carbonic Maceraton / New vinification techniques.
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11
Q

How can Southern Rhone reds style vary?

A

From light / medium body, low tannin fresh fruity wines to high tannin, full body, spicy, meaty, earthy

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12
Q

What white grapes are used in Southern Rhone?

A

White is minority production but Bourboulenc, Clairette and Grenache Blanc plus Northern Rhone trio; Viognier, Marsanne and Rousanne

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13
Q

Whilst a minority interest what is the style of the best Southern Rhone white wines?

A

Rich texture, full body,

high alcohol, low acidity

subtle fruit, usually no oak

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14
Q

How does Cotes du Rhone Villages differ from simple Cotes du Rhone?

A

Higher minimum alc

Lower Max yield limits

Higher % GSM

Generally more body, structure and spiced fruit

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15
Q

Other than the wine what is Chateauneuf-du-Pape’s claim to fame?

A

The first region in France to be granted Appellation Controlee

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16
Q

Which is the largest Cru in the Rhone?

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

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17
Q

What is the terrain of Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Very flat with a wide range of soils and aspects.

Many areas have Galets (big stones) on the surface.

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18
Q

What does Tavel produce and what is it made from? What is its style?

A

Rosé only from mostly Grenache with some Cinsault Dry, Full body with intense flavour

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19
Q

What is produced in Lirac?

A

Rosé from Grenache and Cinsault, similar to Tavel

Full bodied red and white in a similar style to Cotes du Rhone Villages wines.

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20
Q

What is produced in Gigondas and Vacqueras?

What style are these wines similar to?

What is significant about these appellations?

A

Grenache led, full body, spicy reds

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

They were the first 2 Cotes-du-Rhone Villages to be promoted to AOC status.

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21
Q

What are the 2 appellations for sweet, fortified wines in the Southern Rhone?

What are they classified as?

A

Muscat de-Beaumes-de-Venise and Rasteau.

“Vin Doux Naturel”

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22
Q

How many grapes can be used to make Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

13 (or 18, depending on how you count them.)

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23
Q

Why is Grenache well-suited for the Southern Rhone?

A

Able to tolerate droughts and strong winds.

Needs lots of heat to ripen fully, N. Rhone is too cool.

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24
Q

Which Pope was responsible for moving the Papal court from Rome to Avignon?

Which Pope was responsible for planting the vineyards around Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Pope Clement V

Pope John XXII

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25
Q

Before it was referred to as Chateauneuf-du-Pape, what was wine from this area called?

A

Vin d’Avignon

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26
Q

The Southern Rhone Valley accounts for __% of all wine production in the Rhone Valley.

A

95%

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27
Q

What is the name of the “pudding stones” found in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

What are they made from?

Why are they useful for viticulture?

A

“Galets”

Quartzite.

They store heat and release it to the vines at night.

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28
Q

What are the 13 permitted varietals for Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A
  1. Grenache (noir/gris/blanc).
  2. Syrah.
  3. Mouvedre.
  4. Terret Noir.
  5. Cinsault.
  6. Counoise.
  7. Picpoul (noir/gris/blanc).
  8. Bourboulenc.
  9. Clairette/Clairette Rosé.
  10. Roussanne.
  11. Vacarese.
  12. Picardin.
  13. Muscardin.
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29
Q

How many villages may append their name to Cotes-du-Rhone Villages wines?

A

20

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30
Q

What is “Le Râpé” in Chateauneuf-du-Pape law?

What is its purpose?

A

An AOC mandate that producers must discard/declassify at least 2% of harvested grapes.

Its purpose is to safeguard against underripness.

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31
Q

Grenache was imported to France from what country?

A

Spain

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32
Q

Where does the Chateau de Beaucastel estate primarily produce wine?

What is noteworthy about their wine?

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

The red is based on Mouvedre and includes every permitted varietal in CNdP.

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33
Q

Where does the Chateau Rayas estate primarily produce wine?

What is noteworthy about their wine?

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

Their CNdP red is 100% Grenache.

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34
Q

What is the minimum abv allowed for

Chateauneuf-du-Pape AOP?

A

12.5%

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35
Q

In which region is the Cote du Vivarais AOP located?

A

Southern Rhone

36
Q

Most Cotes du Rhone AOP red wines must have 30% Grenache. When is an exception allowed?

A

The rule does not apply to vineyards north of Montélimar.

37
Q

Put these Southern Rhone appellations in order from North to South:

Gigondas

Luberon

Tavel

Vacqueyras

Grignan-les-Adhémar

Lirac

A
  1. Grignan-les-Adhémar.
  2. Gigondas.
  3. Vacqueyras.
  4. Lirac
  5. Tavel
  6. Luberon
38
Q

Chateau Rayas owns 2 other properties.

What are they and where are they located?

A

Chateau des Tours: Vacqueyras

Chateau de Fonsalette: Cotes-du-Rhone

39
Q

What is the minimum % of Grenache required for Vacqueyras AOP wine?

A

50%

40
Q

Is Chateauneuf-du-Pape East or West of the Rhone?

A

East

41
Q

Describe the

Body

Acidity

Alcohol

of Chateauneuf-du-Pape red wine.

A

Full body.

Medium Acidity.

High alcohol.

42
Q

What types of wines are produced in St.-Peray?

From which grapes?

A

Still white and traditional method sparkling (mousseux) from Marsanne and Roussanne.

43
Q

What is “Vin de Paille”?

Where is it commonly found?

A

“Straw wine”, sweet wine made from grapes that have been dried on straw mats.

Made in Hermitage

44
Q

What grape is used for Chateau de Beaucastel Vieilles Vigne Blanc?

A

Roussanne

45
Q

What AOP unknowingly served as the entry for phylloxera into France in the 1860s?

A

Lirac

46
Q

Vieux Telegraphe is associated with which wine/vineyard area?

A

Rhone South/Chateauneuf de Pape

47
Q

Where is the producer Chateau la Nerthe located?

What is the name of their prestige cuvée?

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

Cuvée des Cadettes

48
Q

What is the prestige cuvée of Chateau de Beaucastel?

A

Hommage a Jacques Perrin

49
Q

Domaine du Pegau is a producer located in:

Their winemaking style is considered:

Their top cuvée made from old-vine selections is:

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Southern Rhone Valley

Very traditional style, wines made for long-term aging, no de-stemming or filtration, aging in old foudres for 18 months.

“Cuvée da Capo”

50
Q

What kind of wine is produced in Beaumes-de-Venise and from which grape?

A

Red wine from at least 50% Grenache.

51
Q

Clairette de Bellegarde is a single commune appellation within which larger appellation?

A

Costiere de Nimes

52
Q

Which appellation accounts for 48% of production in the Rhone.

A

Cotes-du-Rhone

53
Q
A
54
Q

Climate of southern Rhone?

A
  • Hot Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers & most of the rain in the winter (23°C avg July temp)
  • 2,750hours of sunshine
  • 700mm rainfall;
  • Northerly Mistral wind generally chases away diseases
55
Q

Soils and topograhy of southern Rhone

A

Flat with rolling hills – but with higher hills to the east, in Gigondas, Seguret, Vacqueyras

Some vineyards covered in stones which retain heat.

Mainly clay, limestone & alluvial soils.

56
Q

Grenache varietal

A

key red varietal in southern Rhone

early budding and late ripening

needs a warm to hot climate to ripen fully

tendency to high alcohol and hi sugar

typically low tannins, pale to medium ruby colour, sweet red fruits

57
Q

Mourvedre

A

needs a long ripening season - hot climate to fully ripen

gives structure, intense fruit and ageability to the wine

ripe and earthy when young, meaty and smoky with age

58
Q

Viticulture in the southern Rhone

A
  • Wind breaks key to protect vines from Mistral (no natural barrier)
  • Low pruning increases ripening from reflected heat
  • Bush spur-pruned for Grenache and others except Syrah
  • Syrah is tied to wires on trellises instead
  • 4000 vines/ha (lack of water – means lower density possible)
  • Irrigation allowable in severe drought conditions
  • Mechanisation is possible due to flatter topography
59
Q

Vinsobres

A

Vinsobres 580 ha (●)

  • New AOC – 2006 (previously a named village within Cote du Rhone Villages AOC)
  • South/South East facing slopes 200-500 metres
  • Some protection from Mistral
  • Only red wines
  • Dominant Grenache Noir but more Syrah being planted
  • Must be 50% Grenache Noir with at least one Syrah or Mourvèdre
60
Q

Two winemaking approaches used in the Southern Rhone?

A
  • Carbonic maceration used for early drinking styles
  • Traditional fermentation (after crushing/destemming) with long oak aging
61
Q

Hierarchy of Rhone AOCs?

A

The hierarchy is:

  • Cotes du Rhone AOC
  • Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC
  • Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village – i.e. Seguret
  • Individual AOCs for top villages – known as cru – Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas AOC
62
Q

Cote du Rhone - the largest AOC in the Rhone - all the details including what do the red wines look like?

A

Côte du Rhône – 33,510ha – 48% of overall Rhône production (●●●)

min 60% is GSM, min 30% Grenache, and min 20% is Syrah & Mourvedre

max yield is 51 hL/Ha.

  • Can be produced in Northern & Southern Rhône but vast majority produced in Southern Rhône
  • Covers all vineyard land suitable for grapegrowing in the Rhone – excluding the ‘other Rhone appellations’
  • SECOND LARGEST AOC after Bordeaux AOC – over 33,000 Ha.
  • Requirements: see below
  • Most wines from flat, wind-swept vineyards with light & fruity style (some carbonic maceration)
  • Only 4% white wine & 7% rosé.
  • ¾ of production made by cooperatives.
  • Red Cote du Rhone
    • Medium intensity ruby colour
    • Medium intensity red plum, blackberry fruit
    • No oak flavours
    • Medium acidity
    • Medium tannin (to low if carbonic maceration)
    • Medium alcohol
    • Good quality and inexpensive in price
63
Q

Cote du Rhone villages AOC?

A

Côte du Rhône villages – 11% of total production (●●)

  • Step up in quality with villages able to be promoted to full AOCs afterwards (e.g. Vinsobres)
  • Similar rules to Cote du Rhone from above but:
    • Max 45hl/ha yield
    • Min 66% of the three principal varieties (Grenache, Mourvèdre, Syrah)
    • Must have Grenache in it
    • Min 12.5% abv

Vinsobres promoted to AOC in 2006 as well as Beaumes de Venise, Cairanne, Rasteau.

64
Q

Cote du Rhone Villages + named village - how is it different to Cote du Rhone Villages?

A

lower max. yield of 42 hL/Ha.

65
Q

the southern Rhone crus? how much are they of production and what is max yield allowed

A

12% of total production

30 hL/Ha. - pretty low

66
Q

Gigondas?

A

Gigondas – 1,200ha (●●)

  • Dry, hot climate w 2,800h of sunshine; mostly on limestone & clay slopes up to 600m high.
  • The lower temperature from elevation has been invaluable in hot growing seasons
  • Up against the Dentelles de Montmirail
  • Requirements:
    • Must be over 50% Grenache
    • Syrah & Mourvèdre are popular blending partners
  • Similar style as Châteauneuf du Pape but less structure. Mature around 10yrs.
  • 99% red; 1% rosé
  • Good to very good quality – mid-priced
67
Q

Vacqueyras

A

Vacqueyras – 1,400ha (●●●)

  • Next to Gigondas, but not as high, up to 440 metres
  • On the slopes up against Dentelles de Montmirail
  • Similar soils to Gigondas
  • Promoted to cru in 1990
  • Requirements:
    • minimum 50% Grenache
    • at least one of Syrah or Mourvedre
    • max. yield of 36 hL/Ha.
  • Wines are concentrated and a bit more rustic than Gigondas. Mature around 3-6 yrs.
  • 95% red 4% white 1% rosé
  • Good to very good quality – mid priced
68
Q

Rasteau AOC?

A

Rasteau 950 ha (●)

  • Made a red wine AOC in 2010 (known for VDN wines)
  • Low south facing slopes (100mRL), sheltered from mistral
  • Warm growing enclave
  • Irrigation allowed within limits
  • Grenache at least 50% plus at least one of Syrah or Mourvèdre
  • Wine style is ripe full bodied wines
69
Q

Cairanne AOC?

A

Cairanne AOC

· Newly created in 2015

· Not as steep as Gigondas or as warm as Rasteau

· Wines

o Mainly red wines

o Fruity and approachable style

o Principal variety Grenache Noir (40% min) plus at least one of Syrah or Mourvedre

70
Q

Beaumes de Venise AOC

A

Beaumes de Venise 635 ha (●●)

  • AOC allowed unfortified still red wine in 2005
  • Slightly shaded by the Dentelles de Montmirail
  • Wines
    • Grenache Noir principal variety with Syrah – together must be 50% of blend
    • Yield max. 38 hL/Ha
71
Q

AOC rules for Chateauneuf du Pape?

A
  • AOC rules
    • 13 varieties allowed - mainly Grenache, Cinsaut, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Muscardin, Counoise, Clairette, Bourboulenc (plus 5 colour variants of these)
    • Note – Viognier and Marsanne not allowed
    • NO RESTRICTION ON VARIETAL PERCENTAGES
    • Single varietal wines such as Rayas Chateauneuf (100% Grenache) are allowed
    • Min alc. 12.5% (no chaptalisation allowed)
    • Allows reds and whites to be made
    • Grapes must be picked by hand
    • No Rose is allowed!
72
Q

the vineyards of Chateauneuf soil types?

A
  • Vineyards
    • Many soils but galets roules (large pebbles) famous for retaining the day’s heat and redistributing it at night
    • Soils are low fertility and generally free draining which gives small crops of ripe grapes
    • The area is generally flat
    • In truth there is a large variety of soil types
    • ‘La Crau’ – famous plateau with galets roules (rounded stones) on top with moist clay underneath – the galets roules reflecting the sun and helping to ripen the fruit
73
Q

What are the typical varietals and wines made from the Chateauneuf du Pape?

A
  • Most wines are:
    • Red – Grenache Noir with Syrah and Mourvèdre
    • White – Grenache Blanc, Clairette, Bourboulenc and Roussanne
    • It is a large appellation so many variations
    • Typically the red wines have:
      • Medium acidity, high alcohol, tannins – med(-) to high
      • Notes of ripe red plums, blackberry and spice
      • Some new oak is used
      • Quality – good to outstanding and Price – mid priced to super premium
    • Typically the white wines have:
      • Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Roussanne mainly
      • Variation in winemaking techniques:
        • some oak fermentation with ageing in either tanks or oak barrels – some new oak
        • OR preserve freshness and primary fruit character
        • Current trend is to make wines fresher and more aromatic and floral
74
Q

In CNDP what difference does the soil make to the wines?

A

Lighter, more elegant wines from sandy soils versus more structured wines from stony soils

75
Q

blending across CNDP is done because?

A
  • Cross blending across ‘lieux-dits’ is needed to create complexity and commercial blend sizes
76
Q

What is the helicopter view of CNDP winemaking styles by three

A
  • Négociant style:
    • carbonic maceration
    • more fruity with soft tannins
    • -> wines ready to drink earlier
  • Modern:
    • shorter maceration & time in wood
    • -> approachable early but can age
    • e.g. Chateau de Beaucastel, Domaine du Vieux Télégraphe
  • Traditional:
    • late harvesting, high proportions of Grenache, higher alcohol, more extraction, time needed to be approachable
    • 4yrs élevage (2 cement / 2 old oak)
    • e.g. Bosquet des Papes
77
Q

The wine % of CNDP ? and are cooperatives important?

A
  • Wine Business
    • 93% reds;
    • 7% of whites made from Clairette, Grenache blanc, Bourboulenc, Roussanne, Picpoul, Picardan.
    • Cooperatives are still important here but independent domaines have raised the bar of quality and the reputation of the region
78
Q

Lirac AOC?

A

Lirac – 771ha (●●●)

  • 85% red 10% white 3% rosé
  • West bank of the Rhône at similar level to Châteauneuf du Pape
  • Grapegrowing
    • Soils are infertile and well drained
    • High sunlight hours
  • Winemaking
    • Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvèdre – and Cinsaut
    • Together the principal varieties must make up 90% of the final blend
    • Robust & meaty reds; heady rosés.
    • The red wines are noticeably softer and earlier maturing than Chateauneuf du Pape
    • But some high quality focussed producers are making very good examples
  • Wine business
    • Domaine de la Mordoree is a noted producer
    • Most producers have links to Chateauneuf du Pape which is just across the river
    • Quality has increased in recent years
79
Q

Tavel AOC

A

Tavel – 780 ha (●)

  • Western side of the Rhone river
  • At the same latitude as Chateauneuf du Pape
  • Flat to gently sloping vineyards
  • Wines
    • Makes solely Rose wines
    • full bodied, intensely fruity rosés mainly from Grenache & Cinsaut.
    • Final blend must include Grenache Noir
    • Noticeably deeper in colour – pink/salmon rather than the orange Provence Rose
    • Quality is good to very good and price - mid-priced to premium
  • AOC Laws
    • 12 principal varieties – but final blend must include Grenache Noir
    • Max. yield is 46 hL/Ha.
    • None of the principal varieties can be more than 60% - i.e. must be a blend
80
Q

Ventoux AOC

A

A. Ventoux – 5,700ha (●●)

  • 2/3rd Red and 1/3rd Rose – very small amount of white wine made
  • Growing environment
    • Vineyards situated on west & south slopes of Mont Ventoux up to 450m high
    • cooler w hi diurnal range
  • Wines
    • Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Carignan and Cinsaut – 2 must be included and be 50% of the final wine
    • The wines, mainly reds, are fresh and fruity with a marked acidity.
    • The relatively high yield allowed makes lighter styles of wine
    • 60 hL/Ha maximum yield
  • Good to very good quality, with pricing inexpensive to mid priced
81
Q

Luberon AOC

A

B. Luberon – 3,300ha (●●)

  • 35% red 19% white 46% rosé
  • High amount of Rose made here
  • Gentle slopes or flat land
  • South east of the Rhone valley – bordering Provence
  • Vineyards
    • on the slopes of Lubéron hills w slightly cooler climate
  • Wines
    • for light, fruity reds and round & fruity whites
    • Max. yield of 55 hL/Ha.
    • Good to very good quality – with pricing inexpensive to mid priced
82
Q

Costieres de Nimes?

A

C. Costières de Nîmes – 4000Ha. (●●●)

  • 2/3rd red 1/3rd rosé and a small amount of white wine
  • The south western margin of the Rhone region (borders Languedoc)
  • One of the hottest climate in France
    • South west slopes so good sunlight interception
    • Some cooling breezes from Mediterranean
  • Soils covered with stones (similar to Châteauneuf du Pape)
  • Wines
    • 50% most be either Grenache Noir, Syrah or Mourvedre, singly or together
    • Good to very good quality – inexpensive to mid-priced
    • Max 60 hL/Ha. Yield
83
Q

Grignan les Adhemar?

A
  1. Grignan-les-Adhemar
    • Northern appellation of the Southern Rhone
    • Name change in 2010
    • Wines
      • Mainly red blends – minimum of 50% Syrah and Grenache Noir
      • Lighter style than the more southerly Rhone appellations
      • Higher acidity compared to southern Rhone appellations
84
Q

Who are the large Negociants who operate across north and south Rhone?

A
  • many large Negociants operate across north and south Rhone
    • E. Guigal
    • Jaboulet
    • Chapoutier
    • The above are all examples of this
85
Q

Are cooperatives important in the Rhone?

A
  • Cooperatives are more important in the south than the north
    • Cellier des Princes – large cooperative in Chateauneuf du Pape
    • Cave de Tain (in Tain l’Hermitage) an important Northern Rhone cooperative makes 40% of all Crozes-Hermitage AOC wines
86
Q

Sales domestically and export?

A
  • Sales
    • 35% export
    • Domestic
      • 33% supermarkets
      • 25% specialist wine retail
      • 7% discounters

D3 - Wines of the World (superset) (144 decks)

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