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D3 - Wines of the World (superset) > Northern Rhône > Flashcards

Northern Rhône Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two regions of the Rhône Valley?

A

Northern Rhône (Rhône septentrionale)

Southern Rhône (Rhône méridionale)

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2
Q

When was the Southern Rhône first hit by phylloxera?

A

1863 (First quality winegrowing region in France to be affected)

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3
Q

When did Châteauneuf-du-Pape achieve AOP status?

A

1936 (First in France)

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4
Q

What is the climate of the Southern Rhône?

A

Mediterranean

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5
Q

What is the climate of the Northern Rhône?

A

Continental

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6
Q

What is the Mistral?

A

A strong south-blowing wind that affects both areas of the Rhône Valley. It is strong enough to strip vines. It also keeps vineyards dry (preventing the formation of mold and mildew)

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7
Q

What is the general soil composition of the Northern Rhône?

A

Granite and schist

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8
Q

What is the predominate soil type in Côte-Rôtie?

A

Granite and schist

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9
Q

What is the predominate soil type in Condrieu?

A

Granite and schist

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10
Q

What is the predominate soil type in Hermitage?

A

Granite and schist

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11
Q

How does soil composition change as one moves towards St-Joseph/ Crozes-Hermitage/ and St-Peráy?

A

Clay content increases

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12
Q

What is the primary grape of the Northern Rhône?

A

Syrah

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13
Q

What is a foudre in the Rhône Valley?

A

A large wooden vat used for aging wine. Much larger than a barrique

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14
Q

What are the appellations for Syrah in the Northern Rhône?

A

Hermitage AOP

Crozes-Hermitage AOP

Cornas AOP

Côte-Rôtie AOP

St-Joseph AOP

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15
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Hermitage AOP?

A

Red

White

Vin de paille

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16
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Hermitage AOP?

A

Marsanne and/or Roussanne (either in any proportion)

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17
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for red wine in Hermitage AOP?

A

Minimum 85% Syrah

Maximum 15% Marsanne and/or Roussanne

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18
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for vin de paille in Hermitage AOP?

A

Marsanne and/or Roussanne (either in any proportion)

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19
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Crozes-Hermitage AOP?

A

Red

White

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20
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Crozes-Hermitage AOP?

A

Marsanne and/or Roussanne (either in any proportion)

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21
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for red wine in Crozes-Hermitage AOP?

A

Minimum 85% Syrah

Maximum 15% Marsanne and/or Roussanne

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22
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Cornas AOP?

A

Red

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23
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for red wine in Cornas AOP?

A

100% Syrah

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24
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Côte-Rôtie AOP?

A

Red

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25
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for red wine in Côte-Rôtie AOP?

A

Minimum 80% Syrah

Maximum 20% Viognier

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26
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Saint-Joseph AOP?

A

Red

White

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27
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Saint-Joseph AOP?

A

Marsanne and/or Roussanne (either in any proportion)

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28
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for red wine in Saint-Joseph AOP?

A

Minimum 90% Syrah

Maximum 10% Marsanne and/or Roussanne

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29
Q

What is the benefit of co-fermenting red and white grapes?

A

Stabilizes red wine’s color

Moderates tannin extraction

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30
Q

What is the northernmost appellation in the Rhône Valley?

A

Côte-Rôtie

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31
Q

How steep can the slopes of Côte-Rôtie be?

A

55% or more

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32
Q

In which appellation is E. Guigal located?

A

Côte-Rôtie

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33
Q

What two slopes are considered the heart of Côte-Rôtie?

A

Côte Brune

Côte Blonde

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34
Q

Who produces wines from the vineyard La Landonne?

A

E. Guigal

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35
Q

Who are the major producers of Hermitage?

A

Jean-Louis Chave

Delas

M. Chapoutier

Jaboulet

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36
Q

What are some important climats in Hermitage?

A

L’Hermite

Le Méal

Les Bessards

Gréffieux

Beaume

Péléat

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37
Q

What is the soil composition of Cornas AOP?

A

Granite

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38
Q

What are the four major lieux-dits of Cornas AOP?

A

Les Reynards

La Côte

Les Chaillot

Les Mazards

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39
Q

What is the smallest appellation in the Northern Rhône?

A

Cornas AOP

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40
Q

How large is Cornas AOP in hectares?

A

131 hectares

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41
Q

Who is the standard-bearer of traditional wines in Cornas AOP?

A

Auguste Clape

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42
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Saint-Péray AOP?

A

White

Sparkling white

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43
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Saint-Péray AOP?

A

Marsanne and/or Roussanne (either in any proportion)

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44
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for sparkling white wine in Saint-Péray AOP?

A

Marsanne and/or Roussanne (either in any proportion). Méthode traditionelle

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45
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Condrieu AOP?

A

White

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46
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Condrieu AOP?

A

100% Viognier

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47
Q

What are some important producers in Condrieu AOP?

A

Georges Vernay

Yves Cuilleron

André Perret

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48
Q

Where in the Northern Rhône is Château Grillet AOP located?

A

Within Condrieu AOP

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49
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Château Grillet AOP?

A

White

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50
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Château Grillet AOP?

A

100% Viognier

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51
Q

Who owns the monopole Château Grillet AOP?

A

Francois Pinault

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52
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Coteaux de Die AOP?

A

White

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53
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Coteaux de Die AOP?

A

100% Clairette

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54
Q

What two styles of sparkling wine are produced in Clairette de Die AOP?

A

Méthode traditionelle

Méthode Dioise ancestrale

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55
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for méthode traditionelle wine in Clairette de Die AOP?

A

100% Clairette

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56
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for méthode Dioise ancestrale wine in Clairette de Die AOP?

A

Minimum 75% Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains

Maximum 25% Clairette

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57
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Crémant de Die AOP?

A

Sparkling white

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58
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Crémant de Die AOP?

A

Minimum 55% Clairette

Minimum 10% Aligoté

5-10% Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains

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59
Q

What color(s) of wine are permitted in Châtillon-en-Diois AOP?

A

Red

White

Rosé

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60
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for white wine in Châtillon-en-Diois AOP?

A

Chardonnary and Aligoté (either in any proportion)

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61
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for red wine in Châtillon-en-Diois AOP?

A

Minimum 75% Gamay

Maximum 25% blend of Pinot Noir and Syrah

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62
Q

What is the encépagement requirement for rosé in Châtillon-en-Diois AOP?

A

Minimum 75% Gamay

Maximum 25% blend of Pinot Noir and Syrah

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63
Q

<p>What is the name of the wind that can damage vines in the Northern Rhone?</p>

<p></p>

<p>What is the other wind called?</p>

A

<p>The Mistral</p>

<p>The "tramontane" blows through the gap between the Massif Central and the Pyrenees.</p>

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64
Q

<p>What is the general style of Northern Rhone reds?</p>

A

<p>Full-bodied, firm, and savory.</p>

<p>Signature secondary aromas including smoke, grilled meat, olive, lavender, and peppercorn.</p>

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65
Q

<p>Who are the 4 main producers that dominate production of Hermitage wine?</p>

A

<p>Jean-Louis Chave.</p>

<p>Delas.</p>

<p>M. Chapoutier.</p>

<p>Jaboulet.</p>

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66
Q

<p>What are the 4 quarters, or "lieux-dits" of Cornas?</p>

A

<p>Les Reynards</p>

<p>La Côte</p>

<p>Les Chaillot</p>

<p>Les Mazards.</p>

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67
Q

<p>What is a "demi-muid"?</p>

A

<p>French term for a 600-liter barrel, traditionally used in the Rhone Valley.</p>

<p>Literally, "half-hogshead"</p>

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68
Q

<p>What kind of terrain are the highest-quality vineyards planted on in the Northern Rhone?</p>

<p>What does this landscape offer the vines protection from?</p>

A

<p>On steep slopes, close to the River Rhone, facing south, often in lateral valleys.</p>

<p>The valleys give protection from the cold northerly Mistral.</p>

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69
Q

<p>What is the primary grape for the following appellations?</p>

<p>-Cote Rotie</p>

<p>-Condrieu</p>

<p>-Chateaneuf-du-Pape</p>

<p>-Hermitage Blanc</p>

<p>-Tavel</p>

<p>-Gigondas</p>

<p>-Cornas</p>

<p></p>

A

<p>Cote Rotie: Syrah (up to 20% Viognier)</p>

<p>Condrieu: Viognier</p>

<p>CNdP: Grenache-based blend</p>

<p>Hermitage Blanc: Rousanne/Marsanne</p>

<p>Tavel: Grenache</p>

<p>Gigondas: Grenache</p>

<p>Cornas: Syrah</p>

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70
Q

<p>How did wines eventually reach England from the Rhone Valley?</p>

A

<p>In the 17th Century, traders transported thewinesfrom the Rhone to the Loire Valley, and by the 18th Century from the Loire to England.</p>

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71
Q

<p>Which white varieties and in what % are allowed in the following appellations?</p>

<p>Cote-Rotie</p>

<p>St.-Joseph</p>

<p>Hermitage/Crozes Hermitage</p>

A

<p>Cote-Rotie: up to 20% Viognier.</p>

<p>St.-Joseph: up to 10% Marsanne/Roussanne.</p>

<p>Hermitage/Crozes Hermitage: up to 15% Marsanne/Roussanne.</p>

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72
Q

<p>What are the major differences between the Northern and Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>N. Rhone S. Rhone</p>

<p>Moderate Continental Warmer Mediterranean</p>

<p>Mistral warms the vines Mistral cools vines</p>

<p>Vines trained on stakes Vines bush-trained</p>

<p>Narrow/steep hillsides Flat/Gently rolling plains</p>

<p>syrah=only red grape syrah, grenache, mouvedre,</p>

<p> cinsault</p>

<p>marsanne, rousanne, white grapes=minority </p>

<p>viognier=white grapes</p>

<p> very stony soils, w/large galet stones.</p>

<p> </p>

<p> </p>

<p></p>

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73
Q

<p>Where is Chateau Grillet located?</p>

A

<p>Within Condrieu</p>

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74
Q

<p>What are the 3 wines from E. Guigal known as the "La La's"?</p>

A

<p>La Ladonne</p>

<p>La Turque</p>

<p>La Mouline</p>

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75
Q

<p>What is the character of Roussanne?</p>

A

<p>Adds acidity and perfume, often blended with Marsanne, with age develops hazelnut aromas</p>

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76
Q

<p>In which 2 ways does the Rhone river moderate the climate of the Northern Rhone's vineyards?</p>

A

<p>1. Warms the adjacent slopes.</p>

<p>2. Reflects sunlight up to vines.</p>

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77
Q

<p>List Northern Rhone Appellations from North to South</p>

A

<p>Cote Rotie</p>

<p>Condrieu</p>

<p>Saint Joseph</p>

<p>Crozes Hermitage</p>

<p>Hermitage</p>

<p>Cornas</p>

<p>St.-Péray</p>

<p>Clairette de Die</p>

<p>Chatillon-en-Diois</p>

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78
Q

<p>Alain Graillot produces wine in which commune?</p>

A

<p>Crozes-Hermitage.</p>

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79
Q

<p>What are the 2 main vineyard areas in St. Joseph and how can wines from them differ?</p>

<p>What is the general quality level of these wines?</p>

A

<p>From terraces - Full bodied</p>

<p>From valley floor - Lighter bodied</p>

<p>Basic quality level.</p>

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80
Q

<p>Chapoutier L'Ermite is associated with which wine/vineyard area? </p>

A

<p>Rhone North/Hermitage</p>

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81
Q

<p>Which black grapes are permitted in Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Only Syrah is permitted</p>

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82
Q

<p>What is the typical style of Viognier?</p>

<p>What factors can change its profile?</p>

A

<p>Full bodied,low acid, high alcohol.</p>

<p>Honeyed lushness, intriguing floral aromas, and rich texture.</p>

<p>Use of oak and MLF can change flavor profile.</p>

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83
Q

<p>How is oak typically used in Northern Rhone wines?</p>

<p>What are some winemakers now experimenting with?</p>

A

<p>Typically fermented in large, oak foudres.</p>

<p>Some now experimenting with new barriques.</p>

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84
Q

<p>In which region does the E. Guigal estate primarily produce wine?</p>

A

<p>Northern Rhone</p>

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85
Q

<p>Identify the regions from North to South</p>

A

<p>Cote-Rotie</p>

<p>Condrieu (inc. Chateau Grillet.)</p>

<p>Condrieu/St. Joseph.</p>

<p>St. Joseph</p>

<p>Crozes-Hermitage</p>

<p>Hermitage</p>

<p>Cornas</p>

<p>St-Peray</p>

<p>Clairette de Die</p>

<p>Chatillon-en-Diois.</p>

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86
Q

<p>How does the terrain of Crozes-Hermitage differ? How does this influence the style of the red wines?</p>

<p>How do the wines of Crozes-Hermitage generally compare to those of Hermitage?</p>

A

<p>North of Hermitage - Slopes = complex and tannic, best are oaked</p>

<p>South - Flat plains = lighter style</p>

<p>Generally lighter and less-age-worthy.</p>

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87
Q

<p>What is "arzelle" soil and where is it found?</p>

A

<p>A thin topsoil that is rich with powdery, decomposed mica.</p>

<p>Found in the commune of Condrieu.</p>

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88
Q

<p>What is the climate and terrain like in Cornas?</p>

<p>What grapes are allowed and what is the general style of the resulting wine?</p>

<p>What type of soil is predominant here?</p>

A

<p>Most southerly appellation, sun baked south facing slopes.</p>

<p>100% Syrah only permitted - Deep colour, full body, similar to Hermitage.</p>

<p>Granite soil ("gore")</p>

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89
Q

<p>Who is considered the standard bearer for traditional wines in Cornas?</p>

<p>What 2 choices are being made to make these wines different?</p>

A

<p>Auguste Clape.</p>

<p>1. Whole cluster fermentation instead of de-stemming.</p>

<p>2. Demi-muids instead of new oak barrels.</p>

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90
Q

<p>What is the character of Marsanne?</p>

A

<p>Adds richness and weight, often blended with Rousanne, with age develops hazelnut aromas</p>

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91
Q

<p>What is the climate like in Northern Rhone?</p>

<p>What are the main climatic differences between the Northern and Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Moderate continental, similar to Beaujolais.</p>

<p>Northern: Continental, Higher rainfall, fewer hours of sunshine.</p>

<p>Southern: Mediterranean, drier, sunnier.</p>

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92
Q

<p>Which 2 slopes are considered to be the "heart" of Cote-Rotie?</p>

<p>How do their wines differ from each other?</p>

A

<p>Cote Brune and Cote Blonde.</p>

<p>Cote Brune: Stronger, more assertive.</p>

<p>Cote Blonde: Softer, more alluring.</p>

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93
Q

<p>Which is the highest output region of the Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Crozes-Hermitage</p>

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94
Q

<p>Which white grapes are used in Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Viognier</p>

<p>Marsanne</p>

<p>Rousanne</p>

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95
Q

<p>Who produces the wine below?</p>

A

<p>M.Chapoutier</p>

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96
Q

<p>Between which towns is the Northern Rhone located</p>

A

<p>Vienne to the North</p>

<p>Valence in the South</p>

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97
Q

<p>List 4 Northern Rhone producers:</p>

A

<p>Michel Chapoutier</p>

<p>E. Guigal</p>

<p>Paul Jaboulet</p>

<p>Jean Louis Chave</p>

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98
Q

<p>What are the French names for the Northern and Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Northern Rhone: "Rhone Septentrionale"</p>

<p>Southern Rhone: "Rhone Meridionale"</p>

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99
Q

<p>Who is the largest producer in Cote-Rotie?</p>

A

<p>E. Guigal</p>

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100
Q

<p>For which 3 reasons might a winemaker in the Northern Rhonechoose to co-ferment his red wine with white grapes?</p>

A

<p>Stabilise colour extraction</p>

<p>Moderate tannin extraction</p>

<p>Increase aromatic complexity.</p>

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101
Q

<p>What are the names of the winds that blowdown the Rhone valley?</p>

A

<p>The Mistral and the Tramontane.</p>

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102
Q

<p>Which Northern Rhone appellation (and sub-appellation) only makes white wine?</p>

A

<p>Condrieu</p>

<p>ChateauGrillet</p>

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103
Q

<p>Which Appellations in Northern Rhone make white wine?</p>

A

<p>Condrieu - only white - 100% Viognier</p>

<p>Saint Joseph - Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

<p>Hermitage - Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

<p>Crozes-Hermitage - Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

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104
Q

<p>The Mistral can easily damage Syrah in the Northern Rhone, so what do vine growers do?</p>

A

<p>Give support by trellising</p>

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105
Q

<p>Chateau d'Ampuis is associated with which wine/vineyard area?</p>

A

<p>Northern Rhone/Cote Rotie</p>

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106
Q

<p>How are vines supported on the steep slopes?</p>

A

<p>Either by individual stakes or a teepee like structure.</p>

107
Q

<p>What is the premier wine of Jaboulet?</p>

<p>Where is it produced?</p>

A

<p>"La Chapelle"</p>

<p>Hermitage.</p>

108
Q

<p>Which Northern Rhone appellation produces wine that must be made with 100% syrah?</p>

A

<p>Cornas</p>

109
Q

<p>Climate of Northern Rhone</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Continental climate w clearly marked seasons</li>
<li>hard winters & hot summers (23°C avg July temp)</li>
<li>Cool, dry northerly winds (Mistral)
<ul>
<li>Reduces fungal disease pressure</li>
<li>Lowers vine vigour</li>
<li>And reduces vine yield and increase concentration in the fruit</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>& rain-bearing southerly winds.</li>
<li>40 miles from north to south so southern areas get better ripening</li>
</ul>

<p>2,350h of sunshine / 900mm rainfall</p>

110
Q

<p>The topography and soils of Northern Rhone</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Steep slopes (up to 460mRL) contribute to reinforce the climate’s influence + maximise sunlight</li>
<li>The steep slopes help the sunlight interception</li>
<li>Most appellations on the western bank of the river (better exposure)</li>
<li>Granite in best sites, very long north to south appellation, over 60 kilometres long</li>
<li>Steep slopes > soil erosion = constant threat.</li>
<li>The slopes also assist with water drainage</li>
</ul>

111
Q

<p>Viticulture of the Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Differs across the long appellation of Northern Rhone</li>
<li>Most are on slopes with terraced vineyards</li>
<li>The manual labour on the slopes increases costs</li>
<li>Normally no mechanisation possible so vines individually staked</li>
<li>Low yields</li>
<li>Eroded soil often carted upslope via pulley system</li>
<li>8000 vines/Ha.</li>
</ul>

112
Q

<p>Generic winemaking practices in nothern Rhone</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Traditionally, long maceration & up to 3 years barrel aging for red wines - only top whites see oak</li>
<li>carbonic for cheaper wines</li>
<li>Tannin management via:
<ul>
<li>Picking at the right time & sorting</li>
<li>Cold soaking before fermentation for colour extraction mainly (not tannins)</li>
<li>Tannin extraction by lower temperature fermentation</li>
<li>Pumping over is watched to limit tannins too</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

113
Q

<p>Climate of Cote Rotie</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Climate</strong>

<ul>
<li>Most northerly vineyards in Rhône.</li>
<li>Vineyards face south east/east so plenty of sun exposure</li>
<li>Protected from northerly Mistral winds</li>
<li>500m hi & can be exposed to the sun all day + soil retains heat</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

114
Q

<p>Viticulture of Northern Rhone</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Viticulture</strong>

<ul>
<li>Narrow terraces on south-east facing steep slopes</li>
<li>up to 60% gradient -> 2nd steepest vineyard slopes after Mosel</li>
<li>Totally manual vineyard maintenance</li>
<li>Max yield is 40hL/Ha.</li>
<li>Erosion is a constant problem – have to cart soil back up the hill</li>
<li>single or double guyot (cane) tied to one or more poles</li>
<li>Vineyard densities of 10,000/Ha. With maximum yield of 40hL/ha.</li>
<li>Famous vineyard sites
<ul>
<li>Côte Blonde:
<ul>
<li>sandy limestone over granite</li>
<li>racier wines, approachable early, 15yr lifespan</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Côte Brune:
<ul>
<li>iron-bearing schist over granite ></li>
<li>more intense & tannic, not ready before 10yrs, 30yr lifespan</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Revived by E. Guigal (La Mouline, La Landonne, La Turque)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

115
Q

<p>Winemaking practices of Cote Rotie</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Winemaking</strong> is typically:

<ul>
<li>Maximise aromatic potential, with destem, cold soak, and ferment at warm temp</li>
<li>Syrah co fermented with none or some Viognier, maybe 8% (up to 20% permitted), with Viognier adding floral and fruity aromas</li>
<li>Natural yeasts are frequently used</li>
<li>Malolactic fermentation in barrel</li>
<li>Barrels either barriques (Guigal) or demi-muids of 500-600 litres for 18-36 months</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

116
Q

<p>Describe the red wines of Cote Rotie</p>

A 
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
	<li>The wines are:
	<ul>
		<li>Generally deep coloured, intense dark fruits, violet & spice, velvety texture.</li>
		<li>Not as full bodied, softer with pronounced aromas, compared to other N. Rhone AOCs</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>
117
Q

<p>Condrieu - describe this AOC and its wines</p>

A

<p><strong>Condrieu AC – 197ha 7400 hl </strong>39hl/ha on average (●)</p>

<ul>
<li>Steep south facing slopes w terraced vineyards</li>
<li>on low fertility soils of granite and decomposed mica (“arzelle”).</li>
<li>Constant ventilation prevents rot.</li>
<li>Wine must be 100% Viognier, maximum of 41hL/ha</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>Low acidity, high alcohol and flavours of peach, honeysuckle, apricot, rose water & candied citrus.</li>
<li>Best drunk within 5yrs.</li>
<li>Normally quite viscous texture</li>
<li>Full bodied</li>
<li>Pronounced aromatics</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Typically
<ul>
<li>fermented in stainless steel or large wooden vessels</li>
<li>normally MLF is allowed</li>
<li>aged in barrel 10-12 months on lees with stirring</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Guigal: ~40% of production</li>
</ul>

118
Q

<p>Chateau Grillet?</p>

A

<p>3. Chateau Grillet AC – 3.5ha 62hl 21hl/ha on average(●)</p>

<p>o 1 vineyard, 1 owner</p>

<p>o Amphitheatre single estate with south-facing steep terraces made of granitic soils.</p>

<p>o Protected from northerly winds</p>

<p>o Grapes are picked earlier, fermented at hotter temperature with MLF and aged in wood for min. 6mths.</p>

<p>o More austere wines with longer ageing potential // Condrieu and command very high prices.</p>

119
Q

<p>St Joseph - describe the AOC and its wines</p>

A

<p><strong>St Joseph – 1,200ha 49 000 hl </strong>40 hl/ha on avg (●●)</p>

<ul>
<li>Grown on less steep banks on the western side of the Rhône</li>
<li>50 km long appellation</li>
<li>Some sites not on the hillside and produce lower quality wines</li>
<li>Key producers are Jean-Louis Chave and Domaine Gonon</li>
<li>Lighter & fruitier style with blackcurrant & raspberry notes with some producing intense tannic style too</li>
<li>90% red production; small percentage of whites from Marsanne mainly & a hint of Roussanne.</li>
<li>A small portion of the red wines can have white blended in but rarely happens – up to 10% of Marsanne/Roussanne</li>
</ul>

120
Q

<p>growing conditions of Crozes-Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Growing conditions</strong>

<ul>
<li>Mostly flat with less shelter from the Mistral wind.</li>
<li>Can be extremely cold in winter</li>
<li>Generally deeper soils, more fertile than Hermitage</li>
<li>Maximum yield is 45 hL/Ha</li>
<li>Flatter areas allow mechanisation – lowering costs</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

121
Q

<p>Wine production of Crozes Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Wine production</strong>

<ul>
<li>Wines have less concentration than Hermitage</li>
<li>15% of whites grapes allowed in the blend but normally 100% Syrah</li>
<li>91% red wine and 9% full bodied floral whites.</li>
<li>The cooperative ‘Cave de Tain’ produces high levels of Crozes-Hermitage
<ul>
<li>Sells about 40% of all Crozes-Hermitage AOC wines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rest from négociants e.g. Jaboulet Ainé and estates like ‘Domaine de Thalabert’</li>
</ul>

122
Q

<p>winemaking of Crozes Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Winemaking is:</strong>

<ul>
<li>Commonly traditional fermentation on skins</li>
<li>Destemming is widely practised</li>
<li>Fermented in concrete, or stainless steel</li>
<li>Matured in SS tanks or large Oak vessels</li>
<li>White wines – aged in old wood, sometimes some proportion of new oak</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

123
Q

<p>Desribe the red wines of Crozes Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Red wines
<ul>
<li>is to be drunk early with medium tannins – can have some semi carbonic/carbonic maceration but rare these days</li>
<li>if to be aged then traditional destemmed/crushed fruit with traditional time on skins to extract more tannin is more likely</li>
<li>typically are softer and fruitier than Hermitage due to more fertile soils, slightly higher yields and the clay limestone soils that predominate the AOC</li>
<li>mid-priced – good to very good wines</li>
<li>some premium priced high quality wines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

124
Q

<p>discuss the white wines of Croze Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li>White wines
<ul>
<li>Mainly Marsanne with little of Roussanne</li>
<li>Top examples aged in old wood, sometimes a portion in new oak</li>
<li>Some good to very good, mid to premium priced – some outstanding quality examples</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

125
Q

<p>Growing environment for Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Growing environment</strong>

<ul>
<li>Plantings on south facing steep ‘hill of Hermitage’ above town of Tain L’Hermitage</li>
<li>Eastern side of the Rhone – but where it turns easterly</li>
<li>Various climats with different altitudes, exposures & soil types.</li>
<li>Best sites are steep southerly slopes with sunshine all day & granitic soils.</li>
<li>Non-granitic soils used for whites</li>
<li>Most famous ‘climats’ for Syrah on Western end of hill – warmest part.</li>
<li>Erosion is a constant issue, increasing the cost of production</li>
<li>Terracing is needed in places</li>
<li>1/3rd of vineyards dedicated to white wine production</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

126
Q

<p>Red winemaking of Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Red winemaking:</strong>

<ul>
<li>Traditional methods used</li>
<li>Often stems included in ripe vintages</li>
<li>Warm fermentation temperature – to extract flavours and tannins</li>
<li>Lengthy oak maturation, 12-18 months</li>
<li>New oak is common but so are medium to large vessels</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>Deep intense powerful wines</li>
<li>approachable at 10+ years</li>
<li>and can age up to 30+ years.</li>
<li>The red wines are models of most structured and long lived Syrah wines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<p>15% of whites grapes allowed in the blend but normally 100% Syrah</p>

127
Q

<p>White winemaking of Hermitage</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>White winemaking</strong>

<ul>
<li>top white made from Marsanne & Roussanne – predominantly Marsanne.</li>
<li>Fermentation in old wood vats, new or old barrels or stainless steel</li>
<li>Maturation in oak, with some new or Stainless steel</li>
<li>On lees for 10-12 months is typical</li>
<li>If aged in bottle, then develop rich, creamy, nutty flavours with great complexity</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

128
Q

<p>The business of Hermitage - who are the main players</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Business</strong>

<ul>
<li>Negociants of Chapoutier and Jaboulet Ainé dominate the holdings</li>
<li>Cooperative - Cave de Tain – owns 15% of the appellation</li>
<li>Jean-Louis Chave is an important producer</li>
<li>The quality of the wines are very good to outstanding – and prices to match</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

129
Q

<p>The growing environment of Cornas</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Growing environment</strong>

<ul>
<li>Northwest of Valence vineyards in south/east-facing amphitheatre (suntrap & protection from winds).</li>
<li>Granite soils on very steep terraces supported by small retaining walls.</li>
<li>Most southerly of red wine production AOCs – first to ripen normally</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

130
Q

<p>the wine production of Cornas?</p>

<p>who are the key producers?</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Wine production</strong>

<ul>
<li>Overtaken by neighbours Hermitage & Crozes Hermitage in popularity (no superstar producer).</li>
<li>Must be 100% Syrah.</li>
<li>Similar to Hermitage (full bodied & intense) but a bit more rustic & faster maturing (min 6-8 yrs and max 20).</li>
<li>Had a reputation for tannic intensity which producers tried to allay with time in small barrels to soften the tannins</li>
<li>Now a move back to producing longer lived robust wines</li>
<li>Jean-Luc Colombo introduced the use of new oak barrels & destemming in 80s</li>
<li>Quality is very good to outstanding with pricing premium to super premium</li>
<li>Key producers are:
<ul>
<li>Domaine Alain Voge</li>
<li>Domaine Vincent Paris</li>
<li>Domaine Auguste Clape
<ul>
<li>A traditionalist – uses big old oak (demi muids 500-600 litres)</li>
<li>And whole bunch fruit</li>
<li>No wonder Cornas was known for its tannin!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

131
Q

<p>The IGP that covers the Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p><strong>Collines Rhodaniennes IGP (‘hills of the Rhone’)</strong></p>

<ul>
<li>Used for red, white and rose</li>
<li>For wines made from grapes outside of the AOCs of Northern Rhone</li>
<li>Yields of 80 hL/Ha.</li>
<li>Allows wines from other varieties to be made</li>
</ul>

132
Q

<p>List the key appellations of Southern Rhone</p>

A

<p>Cotes du Rhone / Cotes du Rhone Villages</p>

<p>Chateauneuf du Pape</p>

<p>Gigondas / Vacqueras</p>

<p>Tavel / Lirac</p>

133
Q

<p>What is the climate of Southern Rhone?</p>

<p>What are summers/winters like?</p>

<p>What are 2risks of the climate?</p>

<p>What is the terrain like?</p>

A

<p>Mediterranean</p>

<p>Hot, dry summers tempered by wide diurnal swings.</p>

<p>Mild winters with heavy autumnal rains.</p>

<p>Risks - drought and vine damage from Mistral winds.</p>

<p>Terrain: Ruggedgarrigue scrubland that turns into a valley.</p>

134
Q

<p>How is Grenache usually trained and why?</p>

A

<p>Bush trained (Gobelet)</p>

<p>Gives protection from Mistral and increases warmth from stony soils</p>

135
Q

<p>What are the best soils in Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Sand, gravel and clay, alongwith large stones called Galets</p>

136
Q

<p>What are the 5key black grapes of the Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>MostlyGrenache, Syrah and Mourvèdre plus some Cinsault and Carignan</p>

137
Q

<p>What are the main differences in style between Northern and Southern Rhone wines?</p>

A

<p>Southern Rhone wines are typically richer, riper and higher in alcohol.</p>

138
Q

<p>What does Syrah bring to Southern Rhone blends?</p>

A

<p>Extra colour and tannin but struggles in hotter sites</p>

139
Q

<p>What does Mourvèdre bring to Southern Rhone blends?</p>

A

<p>Very high tannin, dense black fruit and meaty aromas

| Thrives in the heat</p>

140
Q

<p>What does Cinsault bring to Southern Rhone blends and what is it often used for?</p>

A

<p>Low tannin, red fruit flavours

| Often blended with Grenache to make fruity Rosé </p>

141
Q

<p>What 4key factors are responsible for the broad differences in style of CNdP wines?</p>

A

<p>1. Soil Types: Vastly varied over the appellation's 3000 acres.</p>

<p>2. Use of oak: Some age for a long time in old oak foudres, others in new barrique.</p>

<p>3. Assemblage: Producers vary greatly in style when selecting from the 13 varieties allowed.</p>

<p>4. Use of Carbonic Maceraton / New vinification techniques.</p>

142
Q

<p>How can Southern Rhone reds style vary?</p>

A

<p>From light / medium body, low tannin fresh fruity wines to high tannin, full body, spicy, meaty, earthy</p>

143
Q

<p>What white grapes are used in Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>White is minority production but
Bourboulenc, Clairette and Grenache Blanc plus
Northern Rhone trio; Viognier, Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

144
Q

<p>Whilst a minority interest what is the style of the best Southern Rhone white wines?</p>

A

<p>Rich texture, full body,</p>

<p>high alcohol, low acidity</p>

<p>subtle fruit, usually no oak</p>

145
Q

<p>How does Cotes du Rhone Villages differ from simple Cotes du Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Higher minimum alc</p>

<p>Lower Max yield limits</p>

<p>Higher % GSM</p>

<p>Generally more body, structure and spiced fruit</p>

146
Q

<p>Other than the wine what is Chateauneuf-du-Pape's claim to fame?</p>

A

<p>The first region in France to be granted Appellation Controlee</p>

147
Q

<p>Which is the largest Cru in the Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape</p>

148
Q

<p>What is the terrain of Chateauneuf-du-Pape?</p>

A

<p>Very flat with a wide range of soils and aspects.</p>

<p>Many areas have Galets (big stones) on the surface.</p>

149
Q

<p>What does Tavel produce and what is it made from? What is its style?</p>

A

<p>Rosé only from mostlyGrenache with someCinsault Dry, Full body with intense flavour</p>

150
Q

<p>What is produced in Lirac?</p>

A

<p>Rosé from Grenache and Cinsault, similar to Tavel</p>

<p>Full bodied red and white in a similar style to Cotes du Rhone Villages wines.</p>

151
Q

<p>What is produced in Gigondas and Vacqueras?</p>

<p>What style are these wines similar to?</p>

<p>What is significant about these appellations?</p>

A

<p>Grenache led, full body, spicy reds</p>

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape</p>

<p>They were the first 2 Cotes-du-Rhone Villages to be promoted to AOC status.</p>

152
Q

<p>What are the 2 appellations for sweet, fortified wines in the Southern Rhone?</p>

<p>What are theyclassified as?</p>

A

<p>Muscat de-Beaumes-de-Venise and Rasteau.</p>

<p>"Vin Doux Naturel"</p>

153
Q

<p>How many grapes can be used to make Chateauneuf-du-Pape?</p>

A

<p>13 (or 18, depending on how you count them.)</p>

154
Q

<p>Why is Grenache well-suited for the Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Able to tolerate droughts and strong winds.</p>

<p>Needs lots of heat to ripen fully, N. Rhone is too cool.</p>

155
Q

<p>Which Pope was responsible for moving the Papal court from Rome to Avignon?</p>

<p>Which Pope was responsible for planting the vineyards around Chateauneuf-du-Pape?</p>

A

<p>Pope Clement V</p>

<p>Pope John XXII</p>

156
Q

<p>Before it was referred to as Chateauneuf-du-Pape, what was wine from this area called?</p>

A

<p>Vin d'Avignon</p>

157
Q

<p>The Southern Rhone Valley accounts for \_\_% of all wine production in the Rhone Valley.</p>

A

<p>95%</p>

158
Q

<p>What is the name of the "pudding stones" found in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?</p>

<p>What are they made from?</p>

<p>Why are they useful for viticulture?</p>

A

<p>"Galets"</p>

<p>Quartzite.</p>

<p>They store heat and release it to the vines at night.</p>

159
Q

<p>What are the 13 permitted varietals for Chateauneuf-du-Pape?</p>

A

<p>1. Grenache (noir/gris/blanc).</p>

<p>2. Syrah.</p>

<p>3. Mouvedre.</p>

<p>4. Terret Noir.</p>

<p>5. Cinsault.</p>

<p>6. Counoise.</p>

<p>7. Picpoul (noir/gris/blanc).</p>

<p>8. Bourboulenc.</p>

<p>9. Clairette/Clairette Rosé.</p>

<p>10. Roussanne.</p>

<p>11. Vacarese.</p>

<p>12. Picardin.</p>

<p>13. Muscardin.</p>

160
Q

<p>How many villages may append their name to Cotes-du-Rhone Villages wines?</p>

A

<p>20</p>

161
Q

<p>What is "Le Râpé" in Chateauneuf-du-Pape law?</p>

<p>What is its purpose?</p>

A

<p>An AOC mandate that producers must discard/declassify at least 2% of harvested grapes.</p>

<p>Its purpose is to safeguard againstunderripness.</p>

162
Q

<p>Grenache was imported to France from what country?</p>

A

<p>Spain</p>

163
Q

<p>Where does the Chateau de Beaucastel estate primarily produce wine?</p>

<p>What is noteworthy about their wine?</p>

A

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape</p>

<p>The red is based on Mouvedre and includes every permitted varietal in CNdP.</p>

164
Q

<p>Where does the Chateau Rayas estate primarily produce wine?</p>

<p>What is noteworthy about their wine?</p>

A

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape</p>

<p>Their CNdP red is 100% Grenache.</p>

165
Q

<p>What is the minimum abv allowed for</p>

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape AOP?</p>

A

<p>12.5%</p>

166
Q

<p>In which region is the Cote du Vivarais AOP located?</p>

A

<p>Southern Rhone</p>

167
Q

<p>Most Cotes du Rhone AOP red wines must have 30% Grenache. When is an exception allowed?</p>

A

<p>The rule does not apply to vineyards north of Montélimar.</p>

168
Q

<p>Put these Southern Rhone appellations in order from North to South:</p>

<p>Gigondas</p>

<p>Luberon</p>

<p>Tavel</p>

<p>Vacqueyras</p>

<p>Grignan-les-Adhémar</p>

<p>Lirac</p>

<p></p>

A

<p>1. Grignan-les-Adhémar.</p>

<p>2. Gigondas.</p>

<p>3. Vacqueyras.</p>

<p>4. Lirac</p>

<p>5. Tavel</p>

<p>6. Luberon</p>

169
Q

<p>Chateau Rayas owns 2 other properties.</p>

<p>What are they and where are they located?</p>

A

<p>Chateau des Tours: Vacqueyras</p>

<p>Chateau de Fonsalette: Cotes-du-Rhone</p>

170
Q

<p>What is the minimum % of Grenache required for Vacqueyras AOP wine?</p>

A

<p>50%</p>

171
Q

<p>Is Chateauneuf-du-Pape East or West of the Rhone?</p>

A

<p>East</p>

172
Q

<p>Describe the</p>

<p>Body</p>

<p>Acidity</p>

<p>Alcohol</p>

<p>of Chateauneuf-du-Pape red wine.</p>

A

<p>Full body.</p>

<p>Medium Acidity.</p>

<p>High alcohol.</p>

173
Q

<p>What types of wines are produced in St.-Peray?</p>

<p>From which grapes?</p>

A

<p>Still white and traditional method sparkling (mousseux) from Marsanne and Roussanne.</p>

174
Q

<p>What is "Vin de Paille"?</p>

<p>Where is it commonly found?</p>

A

<p>"Straw wine", sweet wine made from grapes that have been dried on straw mats.</p>

<p>Made in Hermitage</p>

175
Q

<p>What grape is used for Chateau de Beaucastel Vieilles Vigne Blanc?</p>

A

<p>Roussanne</p>

176
Q

<p>What AOP unknowingly served as the entry for phylloxera into France in the 1860s?</p>

A

<p>Lirac</p>

177
Q

<p>Vieux Telegraphe is associated with which wine/vineyard area? </p>

A

<p>Rhone South/Chateauneuf de Pape</p>

178
Q

<p>Where is the producer Chateau laNerthe located?</p>

<p>What is the name of their prestige cuvée?</p>

A

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape</p>

<p>Cuvée des Cadettes</p>

179
Q

<p>What is the prestige cuvée of Chateau de Beaucastel?</p>

A

<p>Hommage a Jacques Perrin</p>

180
Q

<p>Domaine du Pegau is a producer located in:</p>

<p>Their winemaking style is considered:</p>

<p>Their top cuvée made from old-vine selections is:</p>

A

<p>Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Southern Rhone Valley</p>

<p>Very traditional style, wines made for long-term aging, no de-stemming or filtration, aging in old foudres for 18 months.</p>

<p>"Cuvée da Capo"</p>

181
Q

<p>What kind of wine is produced in Beaumes-de-Veniseand from which grape?</p>

A

<p>Red wine from at least 50% Grenache.</p>

182
Q

<p>Clairette de Bellegarde is a single commune appellation within which larger appellation?</p>

A

<p>Costiere de Nimes</p>

183
Q

<p>Which appellation accounts for 48%of production in the Rhone.</p>

A

<p>Cotes-du-Rhone</p>

184
Q
A
185
Q

<p>Climate of southern Rhone?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Hot Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers & most of the rain in the winter (23°C avg July temp)</li>
<li>2,750hours of sunshine</li>
<li>700mm rainfall;</li>
<li>Northerly Mistral wind generally chases away diseases</li>
</ul>

186
Q

<p>Soils and topograhy of southern Rhone</p>

A

<p><strong>Flat with rolling hills</strong> – but with higher hills to the east, in Gigondas, Seguret, Vacqueyras</p>

<p>Some vineyards covered in stones which retain heat.</p>

<p>Mainly <strong>clay, limestone & alluvial soils</strong>.</p>

187
Q

<p>Grenache varietal</p>

A

<p>key red varietal in southern Rhone</p>

<p>early budding and late ripening</p>

<p>needs a warm to hot climate to ripen fully</p>

<p>tendency to high alcohol and hi sugar</p>

<p>typically low tannins, pale to medium ruby colour, sweet red fruits</p>

188
Q

<p>Mourvedre</p>

A

<p>needs a long ripening season - hot climate to fully ripen</p>

<p>gives structure, intense fruit and ageability to the wine</p>

<p>ripe and earthy when young, meaty and smoky with age</p>

189
Q

<p>Viticulture in the southern Rhone</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Wind breaks</strong> key to protect vines from Mistral (no natural barrier)</li>
<li>Low pruning increases ripening from reflected heat</li>
<li><strong>Bush spur-pruned for Grenache and others</strong><strong> except Syrah</strong></li>
<li><strong>Syrah is tied to wires on trellises instead</strong></li>
<li>4000 vines/ha (lack of water – means lower density possible)</li>
<li>Irrigation allowable in severe drought conditions</li>
<li>Mechanisation is possible due to flatter topography</li>
</ul>

190
Q

<p>Vinsobres</p>

A

<p><strong>Vinsobres 580 ha </strong>(●)</p>

<ul>
<li>New AOC – 2006 (previously a named village within Cote du Rhone Villages AOC)</li>
<li>South/South East facing slopes 200-500 metres</li>
<li>Some protection from Mistral</li>
<li>Only red wines</li>
<li>Dominant Grenache Noir but more Syrah being planted</li>
<li>Must be 50% Grenache Noir with at least one Syrah or Mourvèdre</li>
</ul>

191
Q

<p>Two winemaking approaches used in the Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Carbonic maceration used for early drinking styles</li>
<li>Traditional fermentation (after crushing/destemming) with long oak aging</li>
</ul>

192
Q

<p>Hierarchy of Rhone AOCs?</p>

A

<p><strong>The hierarchy is:</strong></p>

<ul>
<li>Cotes du Rhone AOC</li>
<li>Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC</li>
<li>Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village – i.e. Seguret</li>
<li>Individual AOCs for top villages – known as cru – Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas AOC</li>
</ul>

193
Q

<p>Cote du Rhone - the largest AOC in the Rhone - all the details including what do the red wines look like?</p>

A

<p><strong><u>Côte du Rhône</u></strong> – 33,510ha – 48% of overall Rhône production (●●●)</p>

<p>min 60% is GSM, min 30% Grenache, and min 20% is Syrah & Mourvedre</p>

<p><strong>max yield is 51 hL/Ha.</strong></p>

<ul>
<li>Can be produced in Northern & Southern Rhône but vast majority produced in Southern Rhône</li>
<li>Covers all vineyard land suitable for grapegrowing in the Rhone – excluding the ‘other Rhone appellations’</li>
<li>SECOND LARGEST AOC after Bordeaux AOC – over 33,000 Ha.</li>
<li>Requirements: see below</li>
<li>Most wines from flat, wind-swept vineyards with light & fruity style (some carbonic maceration)</li>
<li>Only 4% white wine & 7% rosé.</li>
<li>¾ of production made by cooperatives.</li>
<li>Red Cote du Rhone
<ul>
<li>Medium intensity ruby colour</li>
<li>Medium intensity red plum, blackberry fruit</li>
<li>No oak flavours</li>
<li>Medium acidity</li>
<li>Medium tannin (to low if carbonic maceration)</li>
<li>Medium alcohol</li>
<li>Good quality and inexpensive in price</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

194
Q

<p>Cote du Rhone villages AOC?</p>

A

<p><strong><u>Côte du Rhône villages</u></strong> – 11% of total production (●●)</p>

<ul>
<li>Step up in quality with villages able to be promoted to full AOCs afterwards (e.g. Vinsobres)</li>
<li>Similar rules to Cote du Rhone from above but:
<ul>
<li>Max 45hl/ha yield</li>
<li>Min 66% of the three principal varieties (Grenache, Mourvèdre, Syrah)</li>
<li>Must have Grenache in it</li>
<li>Min 12.5% abv</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<p>Vinsobres promoted to AOC in 2006 as well as Beaumes de Venise, Cairanne, Rasteau.</p>

195
Q

<p>Cote du Rhone Villages + named village - how is it different to Cote du Rhone Villages?</p>

A

<p>lower max. yield of 42 hL/Ha.</p>

196
Q

<p>the southern Rhone crus? how much are they of production and what is max yield allowed</p>

A

<p>12% of total production</p>

<p>30 hL/Ha. - pretty low</p>

197
Q

<p>Gigondas?</p>

A

<p><strong>Gigondas – 1,200ha </strong>(●●)</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>Dry, hot climate w 2,800h of sunshine</strong>; mostly on limestone & clay slopes up to 600m high.</li>
<li>The lower temperature from elevation has been invaluable in hot growing seasons</li>
<li>Up against the<strong> Dentelles de Montmirail</strong></li>
<li>Requirements:
<ul>
<li>Must be over 50% Grenache</li>
<li>Syrah & Mourvèdre are popular blending partners</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Similar style as Châteauneuf du Pape but less structure. Mature around 10yrs.</li>
<li>99% red; 1% rosé</li>
<li>Good to very good quality – mid-priced</li>
</ul>

198
Q

<p>Vacqueyras</p>

A

<p><strong>Vacqueyras – 1,400ha </strong>(●●●)</p>

<ul>
<li>Next to Gigondas, but not as high, up to 440 metres</li>
<li>On the slopes up against <strong>Dentelles de Montmirail</strong></li>
<li>Similar soils to Gigondas</li>
<li>Promoted to cru in 1990</li>
<li>Requirements:
<ul>
<li>minimum 50% Grenache</li>
<li>at least one of Syrah or Mourvedre</li>
<li>max. yield of 36 hL/Ha.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wines are concentrated and a bit more rustic than Gigondas. Mature around 3-6 yrs.</li>
<li>95% red 4% white 1% rosé</li>
<li>Good to very good quality – mid priced</li>
</ul>

199
Q

<p>Rasteau AOC?</p>

A

<p><strong>Rasteau </strong>950 ha (●)</p>

<ul>
<li>Made a red wine AOC in 2010 (known for VDN wines)</li>
<li>Low south facing slopes (100mRL), sheltered from mistral</li>
<li>Warm growing enclave</li>
<li>Irrigation allowed within limits</li>
<li>Grenache at least 50% plus at least one of Syrah or Mourvèdre</li>
<li>Wine style is ripe full bodied wines</li>
</ul>

200
Q

<p>Cairanne AOC?</p>

A

<p>Cairanne AOC</p>

<p>· Newly created in 2015</p>

<p>· Not as steep as Gigondas or as warm as Rasteau</p>

<p>· Wines</p>

<p>o Mainly red wines</p>

<p>o Fruity and approachable style</p>

<p>o Principal variety Grenache Noir (40% min) plus at least one of Syrah or Mourvedre</p>

201
Q

<p>Beaumes de Venise AOC</p>

A

<p><strong>Beaumes de Venise 635 ha </strong>(●●)</p>

<ul>
<li>AOC allowed unfortified still red wine in 2005</li>
<li>Slightly shaded by the Dentelles de Montmirail</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>Grenache Noir principal variety with Syrah – together must be 50% of blend</li>
<li>Yield max. 38 hL/Ha</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

202
Q

<p>AOC rules for Chateauneuf du Pape?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>AOC rules
<ul>
<li>13 varieties allowed - mainly Grenache, Cinsaut, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Muscardin, Counoise, Clairette, Bourboulenc (plus 5 colour variants of these)</li>
<li>Note – Viognier and Marsanne not allowed</li>
<li>NO RESTRICTION ON VARIETAL PERCENTAGES</li>
<li>Single varietal wines such as Rayas Chateauneuf (100% Grenache) are allowed</li>
<li>Min alc. 12.5% (no chaptalisation allowed)</li>
<li>Allows reds and whites to be made</li>
<li>Grapes must be picked by hand</li>
<li>No Rose is allowed!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

203
Q

<p>the vineyards of Chateauneuf soil types?</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong>Vineyards</strong>

<ul>
<li>Many soils but galets roules (large pebbles) famous for retaining the day’s heat and redistributing it at night</li>
<li>Soils are low fertility and generally free draining which gives small crops of ripe grapes</li>
<li>The area is generally flat</li>
<li>In truth there is a large variety of soil types</li>
<li>‘La Crau’ – famous plateau with galets roules (rounded stones) on top with moist clay underneath – the galets roules reflecting the sun and helping to ripen the fruit</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

204
Q

<p>What are the typical varietals and wines made from the Chateauneuf du Pape?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Most wines are:
<ul>
<li>Red – Grenache Noir with Syrah and Mourvèdre</li>
<li>White – Grenache Blanc, Clairette, Bourboulenc and Roussanne</li>
<li>It is a large appellation so many variations</li>
<li>Typically the red wines have:
<ul>
<li>Medium acidity, high alcohol, tannins – med(-) to high</li>
<li>Notes of ripe red plums, blackberry and spice</li>
<li>Some new oak is used</li>
<li>Quality – good to outstanding and Price – mid priced to super premium</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Typically the white wines have:
<ul>
<li>Bourboulenc, Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Roussanne mainly</li>
<li>Variation in winemaking techniques:
<ul>
<li>some oak fermentation with ageing in either tanks or oak barrels – some new oak</li>
<li>OR preserve freshness and primary fruit character</li>
<li>Current trend is to make wines fresher and more aromatic and floral</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

205
Q

<p>In CNDP what difference does the soil make to the wines?</p>

A

<p>Lighter, more elegant wines from sandy soils versus more structured wines from stony soils</p>

206
Q

<p>blending across CNDP is done because?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Cross blending across ‘lieux-dits’ is needed to create complexity and commercial blend sizes</li>
</ul>

207
Q

<p>What is the helicopter view of CNDP winemaking styles by three</p>

A

<ul>
<li><strong><em>Négociant style</em></strong>:

<ul>
<li>carbonic maceration</li>
<li>more fruity with soft tannins</li>
<li>-> wines ready to drink earlier</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong><em>Modern</em></strong>:
<ul>
<li>shorter maceration & time in wood</li>
<li>-> approachable early but can age</li>
<li>e.g. <strong>Chateau de Beaucastel, Domaine du Vieux Télégraphe</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li><strong><em>Traditional</em></strong><strong>: </strong>

<ul>
<li>late harvesting, high proportions of Grenache, higher alcohol, more extraction, time needed to be approachable</li>
<li>4yrs élevage (2 cement / 2 old oak)</li>
<li>e.g. <strong>Bosquet des Papes</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

208
Q

<p>The wine % of CNDP ? and are cooperatives important?</p>

A 
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
	<li>Wine Business
	<ul>
		<li>93% reds;</li>
		<li>7% of whites made from Clairette, Grenache blanc, Bourboulenc, Roussanne, Picpoul, Picardan.</li>
		<li>Cooperatives are still important here but independent domaines have raised the bar of quality and the reputation of the region</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>
209
Q

<p>Lirac AOC?</p>

A

<p><strong>Lirac – 771ha </strong>(●●●)</p>

<ul>
<li>85% red 10% white 3% rosé</li>
<li>West bank of the Rhône at similar level to Châteauneuf du Pape</li>
<li>Grapegrowing
<ul>
<li>Soils are infertile and well drained</li>
<li>High sunlight hours</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Winemaking
<ul>
<li>Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvèdre – and Cinsaut</li>
<li>Together the principal varieties must make up 90% of the final blend</li>
<li>Robust & meaty reds; heady rosés.</li>
<li>The red wines are noticeably softer and earlier maturing than Chateauneuf du Pape</li>
<li>But some high quality focussed producers are making very good examples</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wine business
<ul>
<li>Domaine de la Mordoree is a noted producer</li>
<li>Most producers have links to Chateauneuf du Pape which is just across the river</li>
<li>Quality has increased in recent years</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

210
Q

<p>Tavel AOC</p>

A

<p><strong>Tavel – 780 ha </strong>(●)</p>

<ul>
<li>Western side of the Rhone river</li>
<li>At the same latitude as Chateauneuf du Pape</li>
<li>Flat to gently sloping vineyards</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>Makes solely Rose wines</li>
<li>full bodied, intensely fruity rosés mainly from Grenache & Cinsaut.</li>
<li>Final blend must include Grenache Noir</li>
<li>Noticeably deeper in colour – pink/salmon rather than the orange Provence Rose</li>
<li>Quality is good to very good and price - mid-priced to premium</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>AOC Laws
<ul>
<li>12 principal varieties – but final blend must include Grenache Noir</li>
<li>Max. yield is 46 hL/Ha.</li>
<li>None of the principal varieties can be more than 60% - i.e. must be a blend</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

211
Q

<p>Ventoux AOC</p>

A

<p><strong>A. Ventoux – 5,700ha </strong>(●●)</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>2/3rd Red and 1/3rd Rose</strong> – very small amount of white wine made</li>
<li>Growing environment
<ul>
<li>Vineyards situated on west & south slopes of <strong>Mont Ventoux up to 450m high</strong></li>
<li>cooler w hi diurnal range</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvèdre, Carignan and Cinsaut – 2 must be included and be 50% of the final wine</li>
<li>The wines, mainly reds, are fresh and fruity with a marked acidity.</li>
<li>The relatively high yield allowed makes lighter styles of wine</li>
<li>60 hL/Ha maximum yield</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Good to very good quality, with pricing inexpensive to mid priced</li>
</ul>

212
Q

<p>Luberon AOC</p>

A

<p><strong>B. Luberon – 3,300ha </strong>(●●)</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>35% red 19% white 46% rosé</strong></li>
<li><strong>High amount of Rose made here</strong></li>
<li>Gentle slopes or flat land</li>
<li>South east of the Rhone valley – bordering Provence</li>
<li>Vineyards
<ul>
<li>on the slopes of Lubéron hills w slightly cooler climate</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>for light, fruity reds and round & fruity whites</li>
<li>Max. yield of 55 hL/Ha.</li>
<li>Good to very good quality – with pricing inexpensive to mid priced</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

213
Q

<p>Costieres de Nimes?</p>

A

<p><strong>C. Costières de Nîmes – 4000Ha. </strong>(●●●)</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>2/3rd red 1/3rd rosé and a small amount of white wine</strong></li>
<li>The south western margin of the Rhone region (borders Languedoc)</li>
<li><strong>One of the hottest climate in France</strong>
<ul>
<li>South west slopes so good sunlight interception</li>
<li>Some cooling breezes from Mediterranean</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Soils covered with stones (similar to Châteauneuf du Pape)</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>50% most be either Grenache Noir, Syrah or Mourvedre, singly or together</li>
<li>Good to very good quality – inexpensive to mid-priced</li>
<li>Max 60 hL/Ha. Yield</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

214
Q

<p>Grignan les Adhemar?</p>

A

<ol>
<li><strong>Grignan-les-Adhemar</strong>

<ul>
<li>Northern appellation of the Southern Rhone</li>
<li>Name change in 2010</li>
<li>Wines
<ul>
<li>Mainly red blends – minimum of 50% Syrah and Grenache Noir</li>
<li>Lighter style than the more southerly Rhone appellations</li>
<li>Higher acidity compared to southern Rhone appellations</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>

215
Q

<p>Who are the large Negociants who operate across north and southRhone?</p>

A 
<ul>
	<li>many large Negociants operate across north and south Rhone
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
		<li>E. Guigal</li>
		<li>Jaboulet</li>
		<li>Chapoutier</li>
		<li>The above are all examples of this</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>
216
Q

<p>Are cooperatives important in the Rhone?</p>

A

<ul>
<li>Cooperatives are more important in the south than the north
<ul>
<li>Cellier des Princes – large cooperative in Chateauneuf du Pape</li>
<li>Cave de Tain (in Tain l’Hermitage) an important Northern Rhone cooperative makes 40% of all Crozes-Hermitage AOC wines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

217
Q

<p>Sales domestically and export?</p>

A 
<ul>
	<li>Sales
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
		<li>35% export</li>
		<li>Domestic
		<ul>
			<li>33% supermarkets</li>
			<li>25% specialist wine retail</li>
			<li>7% discounters</li>
		</ul>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>
218
Q

<p>What is the name of the wind that can damage vines in the Northern Rhone?</p>

<p></p>

<p>What is the other wind called?</p>

A

<p>The Mistral</p>

<p>The "tramontane" blows through the gap between the Massif Central and the Pyrenees.</p>

219
Q

<p>What is the general style of Northern Rhone reds?</p>

A

<p>Full-bodied, firm, and savory.</p>

<p>Signature secondary aromas including smoke, grilled meat, olive, lavender, and peppercorn.</p>

220
Q

<p>Who are the 4 main producers that dominate production of Hermitage wine?</p>

A

<p>Jean-Louis Chave.</p>

<p>Delas.</p>

<p>M. Chapoutier.</p>

<p>Jaboulet.</p>

221
Q

<p>What are the 4 quarters, or "lieux-dits" of Cornas?</p>

A

<p>Les Reynards</p>

<p>La Côte</p>

<p>Les Chaillot</p>

<p>Les Mazards.</p>

222
Q

<p>What is a "demi-muid"?</p>

A

<p>French term for a 600-liter barrel, traditionally used in the Rhone Valley.</p>

<p>Literally, "half-hogshead"</p>

223
Q

<p>What kind of terrain are the highest-quality vineyards planted on in the Northern Rhone?</p>

<p>What does this landscape offer the vines protection from?</p>

A

<p>On steep slopes, close to the River Rhone, facing south, often in lateral valleys.</p>

<p>The valleys give protection from the cold northerly Mistral.</p>

224
Q

<p>What is the primary grape for the following appellations?</p>

<p>-Cote Rotie</p>

<p>-Condrieu</p>

<p>-Chateaneuf-du-Pape</p>

<p>-Hermitage Blanc</p>

<p>-Tavel</p>

<p>-Gigondas</p>

<p>-Cornas</p>

<p></p>

A

<p>Cote Rotie: Syrah (up to 20% Viognier)</p>

<p>Condrieu: Viognier</p>

<p>CNdP: Grenache-based blend</p>

<p>Hermitage Blanc: Rousanne/Marsanne</p>

<p>Tavel: Grenache</p>

<p>Gigondas: Grenache</p>

<p>Cornas: Syrah</p>

225
Q

<p>How did wines eventually reach England from the Rhone Valley?</p>

A

<p>In the 17th Century, traders transported thewinesfrom the Rhone to the Loire Valley, and by the 18th Century from the Loire to England.</p>

226
Q

<p>Which white varieties and in what % are allowed in the following appellations?</p>

<p>Cote-Rotie</p>

<p>St.-Joseph</p>

<p>Hermitage/Crozes Hermitage</p>

A

<p>Cote-Rotie: up to 20% Viognier.</p>

<p>St.-Joseph: up to 10% Marsanne/Roussanne.</p>

<p>Hermitage/Crozes Hermitage: up to 15% Marsanne/Roussanne.</p>

227
Q

<p>What are the major differences between the Northern and Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>N. Rhone S. Rhone</p>

<p>Moderate Continental Warmer Mediterranean</p>

<p>Mistral warms the vines Mistral cools vines</p>

<p>Vines trained on stakes Vines bush-trained</p>

<p>Narrow/steep hillsides Flat/Gently rolling plains</p>

<p>syrah=only red grape syrah, grenache, mouvedre,</p>

<p> cinsault</p>

<p>marsanne, rousanne, white grapes=minority </p>

<p>viognier=white grapes</p>

<p> very stony soils, w/large galet stones.</p>

<p> </p>

<p> </p>

<p></p>

228
Q

<p>Where is Chateau Grillet located?</p>

A

<p>Within Condrieu</p>

229
Q

<p>What are the 3 wines from E. Guigal known as the "La La's"?</p>

A

<p>La Ladonne</p>

<p>La Turque</p>

<p>La Mouline</p>

230
Q

<p>What is the character of Rousanne?</p>

A

<p>Adds acidity and perfume, often blended with Marsanne, with age develops hazelnut aromas</p>

231
Q

<p>In which 2 ways does the Rhone river moderate the climate of the Northern Rhone's vineyards?</p>

A

<p>1. Warms the adjacent slopes.</p>

<p>2. Reflects sunlight up to vines.</p>

232
Q

<p>List Northern Rhone Appellations from North to South</p>

A

<p>Cote Rotie</p>

<p>Condrieu</p>

<p>Saint Joseph</p>

<p>Crozes Hermitage</p>

<p>Hermitage</p>

<p>Cornas</p>

<p>St.-Péray</p>

<p>Clairette de Die</p>

<p>Chatillon-en-Diois</p>

233
Q

<p>Alain Graillot produces wine in which commune?</p>

A

<p>Crozes-Hermitage.</p>

234
Q

<p>What are the 2 main vineyard areas in St. Joseph and how can wines from them differ?</p>

<p>What is the general quality level of these wines?</p>

A

<p>From terraces - Full bodied</p>

<p>From valley floor - Lighter bodied</p>

<p>Basic quality level.</p>

235
Q

<p>Chapoutier L'Ermite is associated with which wine/vineyard area? </p>

A

<p>Rhone North/Hermitage</p>

236
Q

<p>Which black grapes are permitted in Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Only Syrah is permitted</p>

237
Q

<p>What is the typical style of Viognier?</p>

<p>What factors can change its profile?</p>

A

<p>Full bodied,low acid, high alcohol.</p>

<p>Honeyed lushness, intriguing floral aromas, and rich texture.</p>

<p>Use of oak and MLF can change flavor profile.</p>

238
Q

<p>How is oak typically used in Northern Rhone wines?</p>

<p>What are some winemakers now experimenting with?</p>

A

<p>Typically fermented in large, oak foudres.</p>

<p>Some now experimenting with new barriques.</p>

239
Q

<p>In which region does the E. Guigal estate primarily produce wine?</p>

A

<p>Northern Rhone</p>

240
Q

<p>Identify the regions from North to South</p>

A

<p>Cote-Rotie</p>

<p>Condrieu (inc. Chateau Grillet.)</p>

<p>Condrieu/St. Joseph.</p>

<p>St. Joseph</p>

<p>Crozes-Hermitage</p>

<p>Hermitage</p>

<p>Cornas</p>

<p>St-Peray</p>

<p>Clairette de Die</p>

<p>Chatillon-en-Diois.</p>

241
Q

<p>How does the terrain of Crozes-Hermitage differ? How does this influence the style of the red wines?</p>

<p>How do the wines of Crozes-Hermitage generally compare to those of Hermitage?</p>

A

<p>North of Hermitage - Slopes = complex and tannic, best are oaked</p>

<p>South - Flat plains = lighter style</p>

<p>Generally lighter and less-age-worthy.</p>

242
Q

<p>What is "arzelle" soil and where is it found?</p>

A

<p>A thin topsoil that is rich with powdery, decomposed mica.</p>

<p>Found in the commune of Condrieu.</p>

243
Q

<p>What is the climate and terrain like in Cornas?</p>

<p>What grapes are allowed and what is the general style of the resulting wine?</p>

<p>What type of soil is predominant here?</p>

A

<p>Most southerly appellation, sun baked south facing slopes.</p>

<p>100% Syrah only permitted - Deep colour, full body, similar to Hermitage.</p>

<p>Granite soil ("gore")</p>

244
Q

<p>Who is considered the standard bearer for traditional wines in Cornas?</p>

<p>What 2 choices are being made to make these wines different?</p>

A

<p>Auguste Clape.</p>

<p>1. Whole cluster fermentation instead of de-stemming.</p>

<p>2. Demi-muids instead of new oak barrels.</p>

245
Q

<p>What is the character of Marsanne?</p>

A

<p>Adds richness and weight, often blended with Rousanne, with age develops hazelnut aromas</p>

246
Q

<p>What is the climate like in Northern Rhone?</p>

<p>What are the main climatic differences between the Northern and Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Moderate continental, similar to Beaujolais.</p>

<p>Northern: Continental, Higher rainfall, fewer hours of sunshine.</p>

<p>Southern: Mediterranean, drier, sunnier.</p>

247
Q

<p>Which 2 slopes are considered to be the "heart" of Cote-Rotie?</p>

<p>How do their wines differ from each other?</p>

A

<p>Cote Brune and Cote Blonde.</p>

<p>Cote Brune: Stronger, more assertive.</p>

<p>Cote Blonde: Softer, more alluring.</p>

248
Q

<p>Which is the highest output region of the Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Crozes-Hermitage</p>

249
Q

<p>Which white grapes are used in Northern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Viognier</p>

<p>Marsanne</p>

<p>Rousanne</p>

250
Q

<p>Who produces the wine below?</p>

A

<p>M.Chapoutier</p>

251
Q

<p>Between which towns is the Northern Rhone located</p>

A

<p>Vienne to the North</p>

<p>Valence in the South</p>

252
Q

<p>List 4 Northern Rhone producers:</p>

A

<p>Michel Chapoutier</p>

<p>E. Guigal</p>

<p>Paul Jaboulet</p>

<p>Jean Louis Chave</p>

253
Q

<p>What are the French names for the Northern and Southern Rhone?</p>

A

<p>Northern Rhone: "Rhone Septentrionale"</p>

<p>Southern Rhone: "Rhone Meridionale"</p>

254
Q

<p>Who is the largest producer in Cote-Rotie?</p>

A

<p>E. Guigal</p>

255
Q

<p>For which 3 reasons might a winemaker in the Northern Rhonechoose to co-ferment his red wine with white grapes?</p>

A

<p>Stabilise colour extraction</p>

<p>Moderate tannin extraction</p>

<p>Increase aromatic complexity.</p>

256
Q

<p>What are the names of the winds that blowdown the Rhone valley?</p>

A

<p>The Mistral and the Tramontane.</p>

257
Q

<p>Which Northern Rhone appellation (and sub-appellation) only makes white wine?</p>

A

<p>Condrieu</p>

<p>ChateauGrillet</p>

258
Q

<p>Which Appellations in Northern Rhone make white wine?</p>

A

<p>Condrieu - only white - 100% Viognier</p>

<p>Saint Joseph - Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

<p>Hermitage - Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

<p>Crozes-Hermitage - Marsanne and Rousanne</p>

259
Q

<p>The Mistral can easily damage Syrah in the Northern Rhone, so what do vine growers do?</p>

A

<p>Give support by trellising</p>

260
Q

<p>Chateau d'Ampuis is associated with which wine/vineyard area?</p>

A

<p>Northern Rhone/Cote Rotie</p>

261
Q

<p>How are vines supported on the steep slopes?</p>

A

<p>Either by individual stakes or a teepee like structure.</p>

262
Q

<p>What is the premier wine of Jaboulet?</p>

<p>Where is it produced?</p>

A

<p>"La Chapelle"</p>

<p>Hermitage.</p>

263
Q

<p>Which Northern Rhone appellation produces wine that must be made with 100% syrah?</p>

A

<p>Cornas</p>

D3 - Wines of the World (superset) (144 decks)

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