Bordeaux Flashcards

1
Q

Bordeaux climate

A

Moderate

Gulf stream

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2
Q

Gulf stream effect Bordeaux

A

Extends growing season

Spring frosts rarely problem

Ripening into October

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3
Q

Atlantic effect Bordeaux

A

High levels of rain and humidity

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4
Q

Bordeaux vintage variation management

A

Top chateaux reject unhealthy or unripe grapes

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5
Q

Bordeaux grape varieties

A

13 allowed/Dominated by 3 black and 2 white

Blends almost necessary to deal with vintage variation

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6
Q

Bordeaux black varieties

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Cabernet Franc

Merlot

Petit Verdot

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7
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon (Bordeaux)

A

Haut-Medoc, Bas-Medoc, Graves

Likes high stone and gravel soils in left bank (high enough temperature to ripen CS)

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8
Q

Cabernet Franc (Bordeaux)

A

Mostly Saint Emilion

Less body and tannin than CS

Prefers well drained warm soils

Herbaceous flavors when unripe

Fruit and floral when ripe

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9
Q

Merlot (Bordeaux)

A

Most widely planted variety

Saint Emilion and Pomerol

Good in cool clay soil

Softness = good in high volume inexpensive wine

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10
Q

Petit Verdot (Bordeaux)

A

Very hot years

Deep color

High tannins

Slow aging

Mainly used for tannin, color, or spicy notes

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11
Q

Bordeaux blending time

A

Usually in spring following vintage

Some keep different parcel separate until after maturation

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12
Q

Sémillon (Bordeaux)

A

Most important sweet

Blended with SB in Pessac Leognan and Graves to add body

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13
Q

Sauvignon Blanc (Bordeaux)

A

Citrus and green fruit aroma

Increasingly single variety wines

Adds acidity in blends

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14
Q

Muscadelle (Bordeaux)

A

Grapey and floral flavor

Blending partner

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15
Q

Low end Bordeaux whites

A

Fresh and fruity

Temp controlled inert vessels

Minimum aging

Some have toasty oak notes

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16
Q

Premium whites Pessac Leognan

A

Ferm and Mat in new oak

Rich

Concentrated nuttiness over fruit

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17
Q

Number of Bordeaux appellations

A

> 50

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18
Q

Crus Bourgeois

A

Non 1855 chateaux

Awarded for a specific vintage, not chateau itself

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19
Q

Graves classification

A

All called crus classes

No rankings

All crus classes within Pessac Leognan

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20
Q

Saint Emilion classification

A

In appellation system

Saint Emilion crus classe and Saint Emilion Grand Cru

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21
Q

Saint Emilion Grand Cru

A

Two levels

SE Grand Cru Classe

SE Premier Grand Cru Classe

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22
Q

Generic Bordeaux appellations

A

Bordeaux AOP

Bordeaux Supérieur AOP

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23
Q

Diff between Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur

A

BS has higher minimum ABV

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24
Q

Bordeaux rose appellations

A

Bordeaux Rosé

Bordeaux Clairet

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25
Bordeaux AOP and BS AOP typical style
Early drinking Medium bodied Ripe red and black fruit Sometimes cedar from oak
26
Bordeaux Rosé typical style
Fresh and fruity
27
Clairet
Rose with deeper color from longer maceration Fuller body Popular in France
28
White Bordeaux typical style
Sauvignon Blanc Vibrant grassy character
29
Médoc soil
Mostly clay with some gravel
30
Medoc typical style
Higher Merlot than other Left Bank Early drinking
31
Best Haut Medoc communes
Saint Estephe Pauillac Saint Julien Margaux
32
Haut Medoc typical style
High CS Blackcurrant with cedar from oak Grippy tannins when young Long aging potential
33
Pessac Leognan typical style
CS (from gravel) Lighter and more fragrant than Haut Medoc
34
Graves typical style
Similar to PL Less concentrated and complex More Merlot
35
Saint Emilion soils
Warm, well drained gravel and limestone (Plateau north and west of SE) Clay limestone (Escarpment to south and east) Sandy (foot of escarpment)
36
Premium Saint Emilion typical style
Medium to high tannin Soft and rich mouthfeel Red berry and plum Tobacco and cedar as evolve
37
Pomerol typical style
Richer and spicier than SE Blackberry
38
Vin de garage
Right Bank Full bodied and incredibly ripe Tiny quantities from small plots Garagistes
39
Cotes de Bordeaux appellations
Blaye Cadillac Castillon Francs
40
Cotes de Bordeaux typical style
Merlot based Early drinking
41
Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux
Sweet wine Not part of CdB
42
Entre Deux Mers style
Only whites Unoaked SB
43
Pessac Leognan typical white style
Blend of SB and Semillon Some new oak Medium to full body Toasty flavors
44
Passerillage
Leaving grapes on vine to dry and concentrate flavors
45

When was the first classification of Graves?

When was it revised?

How was quality judged?

How many chateaux and how are they classified?

1953, revised 1959.

Classification was executed via pricing, fame, and quality as judged by tasting.

A simple list of chateaux located within Pessac-Léognan that produce red, white or both types of wine.

46

Name the two main and two minor grapes used for white wine production in Bordeaux:

MAJOR: Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc
| MINOR: Muscadelle, Sauvignon Gris

47

Traditional Method sparkling wines from Bordeaux are labeled as ___

Cremant de Bordeaux

48

4 sweet white wine appellations on the eastern side of the Garonne?
3 on the western side?

EASTERN: Loupiac AOC, Sainte-Croix-du-Mont AOC, Cadillac AOC, Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux AOC.

WESTERN: Sauternes AOC, Barsac AOC, Graves Superieur AOC

49

In which recent vintage did Chateau d'Yquem choose not to produce any wine?

Why?

2012

A poor vintage in Sauternes, particularly in October, proved too much for the grapevines, and the wines did not pass the house's strict taste tests for quality.

50

When was the classification of Sauternes?

What are the different levels within the classification?

Provide 2 examples from each tier:

1855.

Superior First Growth (Premier Cru Superieur); Chateau d'Yquem ONLY.

First Growth (Premier Cru Classé); Chateau Rieussec, Chateau Guiraud, Chateau Suduiraut.

Second Growth (Deuxieme Cru Classé); Chateau Doisy-Daëne, Chateau Lamothe.
 

 

51

4 Factors that make Chateau d'Yquem Sauterns such high quality / so expensive?

1. High proportion of Sémillon in the blend, which is more susceptible to Botrytis, prized for its ageability and ability to develop complex honey/toast flavors.

2. High proportion of new oak barriques used for aging (100%).

3. Highest classification level (Premier Cru Superieur) in Sauternes.

4. Very low yields (commonly <10hl/ha) increase concentration of flavors and limit supply (increasing scarcity and raising production costs / market prices).

52

Entre-deux-Mers AOC translates to: 
Why?

Produces which kind of wine, from which principal grapes?

Max. yield?

Typical characteristics of wine:

"Between two seas", because it is situated between the Dordogne river to the north, and Garonne to the west and south.

Produces white wine only; Sauvignon Blanc, Sémillon, Muscadelle, Sauvignon Gris.

Max. yield: 65hl/ha.

Wines typically show light flavor intensity, acceptable - good quality, inexpensive - mid-priced.

53

How does the size of Entre-deux-Mers AOP compare to Bordeaux overall?

Second-largest appellation in terms of ha, but still much smaller than Bordeaux AOC.

54

Identify the appellations in the map below:

1. Pessac-Léognan
2. Graves
3. Graves-Supérieures
4. Barsac
5. Sauternes
6. Entre-deux-Mers
7. Prémieres Cotes-de-Bordeaux
8. Cadillac Cotes-de-Bordeaux
9. Loupiac
10. Sainte-Croix-du-Mont

55

Identify the appellations in the map below:

1. Médoc
2. Saint-Éstephe
3. Pauillac
4. Haut-Médoc
5. Saint-Julien
6. Listrac-Médoc
7. Moulis
8. Margaux

56

Identify the appellations in the map below:

1. Blaye Cotes-de-Bordeaux
2. Cotes de Bourg
3. Lalande-de-Pomerol
4. Pomerol
5. Saint-Emilion
6. Francs Cotes-de-Bordeaux
7. Castillon Cotes-de-Bordeaux

57

Which two rivers border Sauternes AOC?

How do these rivers and other weather conditions influence the likelihood of Botrytis to occur (2)?

The Garonne and the Ciron.

The cold Ciron meets the warm Garonne, producing morning mists.

The mists burn off by the middle of the day, then the warming afternoon sun dries the grapes and prevents the development of grey rot.

58

What types of wine are made in the Cotes-de-Bordeaux AOC?

When was the appellation created and where is it located?

What are the 5 sub-zones?

Max. yields for red wines?

Red / White

Created in 2009, located on the R Bank and within Entre-Deux-Mers.

Blaye / Cadillac / Francs / Castillon / (Sainte Foy)

55 hl/ha (52 if sub-zone name is appended)

59

What do the 3 main grapes used for Sauternes / other sweet wine production contribute to the wine?

Why do top estates tend to use a higher proportion of Sémillon in their blend (2)? 2 eg.s of such estates?

Sauvignon Blanc:
Grassy, gooseberry flavors.
High acidity.

Sémillon:
High susceptibility to Botrytis.
Honey / Dried fruit (lemon, peach) flavors that develop w/age (vs. Sauvignon Blanc).
Waxy texture.

Muscadelle:
Very prone to Botrytis.
Provides flowery, grapey notes.

Sémillon is more susceptible to Botrytis, making it more difficult to work with, but more adept at contributing signature flavors to Sauternes. 
Prized for its ageability.

e.g. Ch. d'Yquem / Ch. Climens
 

60

What do Sauvignon Blanc (3) and Sémillon (4) bring to the dry white wines of Bordeaux?

Sauvignon Blanc:
High acidity.
Gooseberry, grassy aromas/flavors.
Worldwide popularity means more varietal / dominant SB white wines are being made in Bordeaux.

Sémillon:
Low-Med. intensity of aromas, weight, body.
Med. acidity.
Softens high acidity and intense flavors of SB.
Strong affinity for vanilla / spice flavors from new oak aging.

61

What aromas and flavours would you expect from wines of Haut-Medoc?

A core of blackcurrant fruit with cedar notes from Oak. Grippy Tannins

62

Put the following wines in order of price and quality, lowest to highest

St Emilion,

St Emilion Satellites,

St Emilion Grand Cru Classé ,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé B

St Emilion Satellites,

St Emilion,

St Emilion Grand Cru Classé,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé B,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A

63

How many chateaux are currently ranked as St.-Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A?

What about B?

What about Grand Crus Classé?

4

14

64

64

How many 3rd growth chateaux are there in Pauillac?

0

65

When was the first classification of Graves?

1953

66

What are the 4 satellite appellations of St-Emilion?

Lussac,

St-Georges,

Montagne, 

Puisseguin

67

Which grape is trypically the last to ripen in Bordeaux?

Petit Verdot

68

Name the two main and one minor grapes used for Sweet wine production in Bordeaux:

Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc

Minor - Muscadelle

69

Traditional Method sparkling wines from Bordeaux are labeled as ___

Crémant de Bordeaux

70

What IGP encompasses Bordeaux and nearby regions?

Atlantique IGP

71

3 sweet white wine appellations on the eastern side of the Garonne?

 Loupiac, Ste-Croix-du-Mont, and Cadillac.

72

In which recent vintage did Chateau d'Yquem choose not to produce any wine?

Why?

2012

A poor vintage in Sauternes, particularly in October, proved too much for the grapevines, and the wines did not pass the house's strict taste tests for quality.

73

From north to south name the 8 appellations of the Left Bank

Medoc

Haut-Medoc

St.-Estephe

Pauillac

St.-Julien

Listrac-Medoc

Moulis-en-Medoc

Margaux

74

What is the appellation located at "A"?

Pessac-Leognan

75

Name the two leading appelations of the 'right bank'.

St. Emilion and Pomerol

76

What kind of wine is produced under the Graves Superieur AOP?

Sweet white wines.

77

Where is Loupiac AOC located, and what kind of wine is produced there?

Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux.

Sweet white wines.

78

What is "en primeur"?

An annual event where Bordeaux wines are offered as futures.

79

5 Top Producers in Pomerol?

Chateau Pétrus

Chateau Le Pin

Chateau Lafleur

Vieux-Chateau-Certan

Chateau Trotanoy

80

What two rivers border Sauternes AOC?

The Garonne

The Ciron

81

What does Cabernet Sauvignon add to a Bordeaux blend?

Color, Tannins, Power, structure and longevity.

82

What name is given to the most northerly part of Medoc?

Bas-Medoc

83

What types of wines are produced in Blaye AOP and Cotes de Blaye AOP, and what are the predominant grapes used?

Blaye: Red wines only, at least 50% Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot

Cotes de Blaye: White wines only, mostly ugni blanc and colombard.

84

Who produces the wine below?

Chateau Angelus

85

When was the first classification of St-Emilion?

1955

86

Match the following châteaux with their respective classification/Growth and commune.

Clerc-Milon

Lascombes

Talbot

Palmer

Clerc-Milon: 5th Growth, Pauillac

Lascombes: 2nd Growth, Margaux

Talbot: 4th Growth, St-Julien

Palmer: 3rd Growth, Margaux

 

87

Describe a high-end wine from St. Emilion

Full-bodied red wine based on Merlot w/some Cabernet Franc.

Med-High tannins

Soft, rich mouthfeel

Complex red berry fruit/plum aromas that evolve into tobacco/cedar.

88

What are "jalles"?

Drainage channels, like those found in Bordeaux.

89

What are the 3 grapes used for Sauternes production and what do they contribute to the wine?

Semillon: thin-skinned, susceptible to Botrytis, ages well.

Sauvignon Blanc: acidity and flavors.

Muscadelle: aromas of exotic perfume.

90

Which commune in the Médoc has the most classified growths?

Which has the most First Growths?

Margaux

Pauillac

91

Where are you likely to find the very best white wines in Bordeaux?

Pessac-Leognan

92

As of 2008, what are the 5 communes that may list their name in the Cotes de Bordeaux appellation?

Blaye, Francs, Castillon, Cadillac, Sainte Foy

93

In what year did Chateau Laville Haut Brion stop producing wine?

Who does it now sell its grapes to?

2009

Chateau La Mission Haut Brion

94

In what, and for how long, are the best sweet wines of Bordeaux fermented and matured?

In a moderate-high % of new oak barrels for up to 2 years.

95

Name two benefits of Gravel soil

Good drainage, so water isn't retained.

Gravel soils tend to be warming.

96

Name the 4 "Premiers Grands Crus Classé A" of the 2012 St. Emilion Classification

Chateau Ausone

Chateau Cheval Blanc

Chateau Pavié

Chateau Angelus

97

What style of wine is produced in the following appellations:

Margaux

Pomerol

Sauternes

Pessac-Leognan

Entre-Deux-Mers

Margaux: Dry Red

Pomerol: Dry Red

Sauternes: Sweet White

Pessac-Leognan: Dry Red/White

Entre-Deux-Mers: Dry White

98

What does Cabernet Franc add to a Bordeaux blend?

More tannic than Merlot, less muscular and assertive than Cabernet.

Herbal spice and red fruit aromatics.

99

Which Ocean Current warms Bordeaux?

The Gulf Stream

100

Who is the producer of "Creme de Tete"?

Where are they based?

What is unique about this wine?

Chateau Gilette.

Sauternes.

It is aged only in concrete, no oak.

101

Name the most highly rated area in Graves

Pessac-Leognan

102

"Pavillon" is the Second wine of which chateau?

Chateau Margaux

103

The Atlantic brings high levels of rainfall and humidity to Bordeaux, what 3 risks does this bring?

What helps to protect the vineyards from these rains?

1. Rain can disrupt flowering and fruit set

2. Dampness can promote rot

3. Rain at harvest time can dilute flavours

Coastal pine forests.

104

Who produces the wine below?

Chateau Palmer

105

Where does Chateau Roc des Cambes produce wine?

Cotes de Bourg.

106

What are "croupes"?

Gravel mounds in Bordeaux uncovered by the Dutch during their drainage work in the 1600's.

107

Put the following appellations in order from North to South:

Sauternes 

Médoc 

Barsac

Pomerol 

Fronsac

1. Medoc

2. Fronsac

3. Pomerol

4. Barsac

5. Sauternes

108

Sauternes AOP covers which 5 villages?

Sauternes, Barsac, Fargues, Preignac, and Bommes.

109

What are the 2 broad categories of soils on the Right Bank, and what are they made of?

 

The Côtes: Steep, limestone slopes.

The Graves: Gravelly, limestone plateau similar to Medoc.

 

110

What is the soil composition in Graves and what is it known as?

A mixture of sand, gravel and light clay is known as "boulbenes".

111

Who ruled Bordeaux between 1152 and 1453

England

112

What are the 3 major and 3 minor white grapes allowed in Bordeaux?

3 Major: Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle.

3 Minor: Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard.

113

Generally speaking what is the main difference between the soils of the left bank and the right bank?

Left bank predominately gravelly

Right bank predominately clay / limestone with gravelly outcrops

114

Who produces the wine below?

Chateau Petrus

115

What does Merlot add to a Bordeaux blend?

Adds softness and fleshy, juicy texture.

116

How are the best Bordeaux red and white wine aged?

In 225 ltr Barriques, usually a mix of new and old oak.

Red: Up to 2 years in barrel.

White: 12-16 months in barrel.

117

How is Rosé wine labelled in Bordeaux?

Bordeaux Rosé or Bordeaux Clairet

118

What is the "microchateau" or "garagiste" movement in Bordeaux?

Name 3 examples and where they produce wines.

A group of small châteaux making powerfully ripe and polished modern wines from just a handful of acres.

Le Pin in Pomerol.

Valandraud and La Mondotte in St-Émilion.

119

What is the minimum alcohol level for St-Emilion Grand Cru AOP?

11.5%

120

Which is the only Medoc First Growth not to sell its wines "en primeur"?

Chateau Latour

121

The climate in Bordeaux is maritime. What does that mean?

Low continentality, low diurnal, rain all year long

122

In Bordeaux, what are "Courtiers"?

Brokers of wine who supplied the chateaux with financial backing in exchange for control over the actual trading of wine.

123

How would you describe Bordeaux climate?

What parallel is it located on?

 

Moderate Maritime

45th Parallel

 

124

Which grape is trypically the first to ripen in Bordeaux?

Merlot

125

When was the last classification of St-Emilion?

2012

126

What are the 2 parent grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon?

Sauvignon Blanc

Cabernet Franc

127

What is 'Clairet'?

A deeper coloured Rose wine with fuller body made by longer maceration.

a darker, more aromatic style of rosé that evokes the original claret wines shipped to England in the Middle Ages.

128

In what year did Chateau La Tour Haut-Brion stop producing wine?

Who do they now supply grapes to?

2006

Chateau La Mission Haut-Brion

129

How are wines from Pauillac generally characterized?

Which 3 First-Growths are found there?

Cabernet Sauvignon-based wines that are structured and long-lived.

Chateau Latour, Chateau Mouton-Rothschild, Chateau Lafite-Rothschild.

130

What is the minimum acquired alcohol level and sugar in g/L for Sauternes?

12% abv

45g/L

131

Which wine region in France has the most hectares under vine?

Bordeaux

132

Name the 3 Sweet Wine appelations within Graves Superieur.

Sauternes

Barsac

Cerons

133

Chateau Lafite is associated with which wine/vineyard area?

Bordeaux/Medoc

134

What is the difference between "coulure" and "millerandage"?

What are they caused by?

Coulure: Uneven set. Occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering. Caused by cold weather during flowering or mineral deficiency.

Millerandage: "Hens and Chicks" or Uneven ripening. Grape clusters with berries that vary in size and number of seeds. Caused by cold weather at flowering, mineral deficiency, or disease.

135

What is "Bouchet"?

A synonym for Cabernet Franc on the Right Bank

136

What are the 6 red grapes allowed in Bordeaux?

 

Cabernet Sauvignon,

Merlot,

Cabernet Franc,

Petit Verdot,

Malbec,

Carmenére.

137

Chateau Lynch-Bages is a ___ Growth in which commune?

5th Growth, Pauillac.

138

Traditional barriques in Bordeaux contain how many liters?

225

139

What is the main taste difference of Pomerol Vs Saint Emilion wine?

Pomerol tends to be richer with a spicier blackberry fruit character

140

What was the Médoc like before it became a renowned wine area, and who was responsible?

It was a salt marsh and pine forest.

Dutch engineers drained the marshes in the mid-17th Century and discovered beds of gravel underneath.

141

What is the "Bordeaux Mixture" and what are its ingredients?

A spray applied to vines in oder to prevent fungal disease.

Lime, copper sulfate, water.

142

What are the 5 villages of Margaux?

Soussans, Margaux, Cantenac, Labarde and Arsac.

143

What is the name of the original classification of the best red and white wines of The Medoc and Sauternes?

How are wines in this classification referred?

Who commissioned this ranking?

What data did they use to structure the rankings?

1855 classification

Crus Classé

Napoleon III

Record of the prices each property's wine commanded; the higher the price, the higher the ranking.

144

What are 3 synonyms for Malbec, and where are they used?

Côt: Cahors

Pressac: Bordeaux Right Bank

Auxerrois: Loire Valley

145

Which river does St-Emilion border?

The Dordogne

146

What is the process of 'Passerillage'?

French term for leaving grapes on the vine past normal harvest so that they dry up and concentrate their flavours

147

What is Malbec known as in the Right Bank?

In Cahors and the Loire Valley?

Right Bank: Pressac

Cahors: Côt

Loire Valley: Auxerrois

148

What type of soil would you expect in Haut-Medoc and Pessac-Leognan?

Gravelly, slightly more sandy towards the south.

149

Chateau Petrus is associated with which region/vineyard area?

Bordeaux/Pomerol

150

Match the following châteaux with their respective classification/Growth and commune.

Château Léoville Las Cases

Château Cos d’Estournel

Château Duhart-Milon-Rothschild

Château Léoville Las Cases: 2nd Growth, St-Julien

Château Cos d’Estournel: 2nd Growth: St-Estephe

Château Duhart-Milon-Rothschild: 4th Growth, Pauillac

 

151

From which region does Chateau Cheval Blanc come?

Bordeaux - St. Emilion

152

How many "Growths" in the historical 1855 classification of Bordeaux Red wine?

White wine?

Red - 5 White 3

153

What does Petit Verdot add to a blend?

Color, depth and exotic perfume;

154

Where is Chateau Trotanoy located?

Pomerol

155

In which commune of the Médoc is Chateau Lafite produced?

Pauillac

156

Top 5 recent vintages of the Médoc?

2005

2009

2010

2015

2016

157

What is the main difference between Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur?

Superior has slightly stricter appelation rules and has a higher alcohol content than plain Bordeaux

158

What style do wines from St-Julien generally deomstrate?

A more elegant style.

159

How are wines from Margaux generally characterized?

Often described as feminine, with an emphasis on floral bouquet, exotic character and finesse.

160

How are wines from St.-Estephe generally characterized?

Sturdy and full-bodied, with a slightly higher percentage of Merlot.

161

What are the 5 First Growths of Bordeaux?

Which Chateau is unusual and for what reason?

-Latour

-Lafite-Rothschild

-Mouton-Rothschild (not originally classified as a First Growth in 1855, later added in 1973)

-Margaux

-Haut-Brion

162

Where does Chateau Rieussec produce wine?

Who owns this property?

Sauternes.

Chateau Lafite-Rothschild

163

What 2 terms can be applied to wines outside the Crus Classé classification?

What are the differences bewtween them?

Cru Artisan and Cru Bourgeois.

Cru Artisan: Reserved for smaller estates (smaller than 5 ha), the list is reviewed every 10 years. Wines must be from 1 of the 8 Medoc communes.

Cru Bourgeois: A superior designation that must be applied for each year; applies only to the individual wine and not the entire estate. Wines must be from 1 of the 8 Medoc communes.

164

Within the context of Bordeaux, what is unique about the classification system in St-Emilion?

It forms part of the appellation system.

165

What 3 components dominate the soil of Pomerol?

What is the subsoil made from?

What is the French term for this specific subsoil?

Clay, Sand and Gravel.

Subsoil: Iron pan and Rich Clay (Crasse de Fer / literally "Iron Dirt/Grime")

166

Chateau Lynch-Moussas is a ___ Growth in which commune?

5th Growth, Pauillac

167

Cabernet Franc is most associated with which appellation in Bordeaux?

 

St. Emilion

168

What is the most planted grape in Bordeaux?

 

Merlot

169

Chateau Ducru-Beaucaillou is a ___ Growth in which commune?

2nd Growth / St.-Julien

170

Chateau Marquis D'alesme Becker is a ___ Growth in which commune?

3rd Growth / Margaux

171

Chateau Montrose is a ___ Growth in which commune?

2nd Growth / St.-Estephe

172

Chateau Pape-Clement is located in which commune?

What is significant about this estate?

Pessac - Leognan

It is the oldest Chateau in Bordeaux, celebrating its 700th harvest in 2006.

173

Chateau Pichon-Longueville Baron is a ___ Growth in which commune?

2nd Growth / Pauillac

174

Where, specifically, is the Lafite-Rothschild estate situated?

What are the 3 major vineyard areas?

-The northern end of Pauillac, close to Cos d'Estournel in St-Estephe.

1. Hillsides around the chateau.

2. "Les Carruades" plateau to the west.

3. 4.5 ha in St-Estephe (technically entitles to the Pauillac appellation.)

175

How are Chateau Lafite-Rothschild and Chateau Latour geographically situated in Pauillac?

How do the wines differ stylistically?

Chateau Lafite-Rothschild: Very northern end of Pauillac, near St-Estephe.

Chateau Latour: Very southern end, near St - Julien.

Wines from Lafite-Rothschild tend to be smooth, finessed, perfumed, polished.

Those from Latour trend towards firmness, solidity, power.

176

Identify 9 superior vintages of Bordeaux between 1950 and 1990:

1990 / 1989 / 1985 / 1982 / 1970 / 1966 / 1961 / 1959 / 1953

177

Why is 1982 such a historically significant vintage in Bordeaux?

What was the vintage like, on the whole?

- Rise of Robert Parker as an unequivocally influential critic. Identified the importance of the vintage, encouraged people to buy as much 1982 as they could.

- This brought a huge cash-flow into Bordeaux, marking the end of the "Old Era" and the beginning of Modern Bordeaux; producers began focusing on power and richness, leading to more manipulation of the wines and attempts to recreate this historic vintage.

-Long, hot, dry year yielding rich, ripe, opulent wines.

178

Who was Émile Peynaud, and why was he so significant?

- A French oenologist known as the "forefather of modern oenology."

- Encouraged winemakers in Bordeaux to harvest later (they had been harvesting earlier to avoid rot), limit yields, use only the best fruit and pursue a richer, riper style of wine that elevated quality over quantity.

- Also encouraged winemakers to create 2nd and 3rd labels, made with grapes that were of lesser quality.

179

What are 2 hallmarks of wines from Chateau Latour?

- Very slow to mature; highly tannic in youth.

- Remarkably consistent, equally impressive in vintages considered great, average or even disappointing.

180

Describe the soil and topological factors that contribute to Petrus' power and opulence:

- Iron-rich clay soils (crasse de fer) give the wines power and structure. 

- Clay helps retain water, creates a cooler mesoclimate ideal for early-ripening Merlot.

- Average age of vines = 45 years.

- Located on a gentle slope which aids in draining.

181

What is unique about the composition of Petrus' wine?

Almost entirely Merlot, whereas much of Right Bank wine is Merlot blended with Cabernet Franc.

182

What aromas and flavours would you expect from wines of Haut-Medoc?

A core of blackcurrant fruit with cedar notes from Oak. Grippy Tannins

183

Put the following wines in order of price and quality, lowest to highest

St Emilion,

St Emilion Satellites,

St Emilion Grand Cru Classé ,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé B

St Emilion Satellites,

St Emilion,

St Emilion Grand Cru Classé,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé B,

St Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A

184

How many chateaux are currently ranked as St.-Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classé A?

What about B?

What about Grand Crus Classé?

4

14

64

185

How many 3rd growth chateaux are there in Pauillac?

0

186

When was the first classification of Graves?

1953

187

What are the 4 satellite appellations of St-Emilion?

Lussac,

St-Georges,

Montagne, 

Puisseguin

188

Which grape is trypically the last to ripen in Bordeaux?

Petit Verdot

189

Name the two main and one minor grapes used for Sweet wine production in Bordeaux:

Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc

Minor - Muscadelle

190

Traditional Method sparkling wines from Bordeaux are labeled as ___

Crémant de Bordeaux

191

What IGP encompasses Bordeaux and nearby regions?

Atlantique IGP

192

3 sweet white wine appellations on the eastern side of the Garonne?

 Loupiac, Ste-Croix-du-Mont, and Cadillac.

193

In which recent vintage did Chateau d'Yquem choose not to produce any wine?

Why?

2012

A poor vintage in Sauternes, particularly in October, proved too much for the grapevines, and the wines did not pass the house's strict taste tests for quality.

194

From north to south name the 8 appellations of the Left Bank

Medoc

Haut-Medoc

St.-Estephe

Pauillac

St.-Julien

Listrac-Medoc

Moulis-en-Medoc

Margaux

195

What is the appellation located at "A"?

Pessac-Leognan

196

Name the two leading appelations of the 'right bank'.

St. Emilion and Pomerol

197

What kind of wine is produced under the Graves Superieur AOP?

Sweet white wines.

198

Where is Loupiac AOC located, and what kind of wine is produced there?

Entre-Deux-Mers, Bordeaux.

Sweet white wines.

199

What is "en primeur"?

An annual event where Bordeaux wines are offered as futures.

200

5 Top Producers in Pomerol?

Chateau Pétrus

Chateau Le Pin

Chateau Lafleur

Vieux-Chateau-Certan

Chateau Trotanoy

201

What two rivers border Sauternes AOC?

The Garonne

The Ciron

202

What does Cabernet Sauvignon add to a Bordeaux blend?

Color, Tannins, Power, structure and longevity.

203

What name is given to the most northerly part of Medoc?

Bas-Medoc

204

What types of wines are produced in Blaye AOP and Cotes de Blaye AOP, and what are the predominant grapes used?

Blaye: Red wines only, at least 50% Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot

Cotes de Blaye: White wines only, mostly ugni blanc and colombard.

205

Who produces the wine below?

Chateau Angelus

206

When was the first classification of St-Emilion?

1955

207

Match the following châteaux with their respective classification/Growth and commune.

Clerc-Milon

Lascombes

Talbot

Palmer

Clerc-Milon: 5th Growth, Pauillac

Lascombes: 2nd Growth, Margaux

Talbot: 4th Growth, St-Julien

Palmer: 3rd Growth, Margaux

 

208

Describe a high-end wine from St. Emilion

Full-bodied red wine based on Merlot w/some Cabernet Franc.

Med-High tannins

Soft, rich mouthfeel

Complex red berry fruit/plum aromas that evolve into tobacco/cedar.

209

What are "jalles"?

Drainage channels, like those found in Bordeaux.

210

What are the 3 grapes used for Sauternes production and what do they contribute to the wine?

Semillon: thin-skinned, susceptible to Botrytis, ages well.

Sauvignon Blanc: acidity and flavors.

Muscadelle: aromas of exotic perfume.

211

Which commune in the Médoc has the most classified growths?

Which has the most First Growths?

Margaux

Pauillac

212

Where are you likely to find the very best white wines in Bordeaux?

Pessac-Leognan

213

As of 2008, what are the 5 communes that may list their name in the Cotes de Bordeaux appellation?

Blaye, Francs, Castillon, Cadillac, Sainte Foy

214

In what year did Chateau Laville Haut Brion stop producing wine?

Who does it now sell its grapes to?

2009

Chateau La Mission Haut Brion

215

In what, and for how long, are the best sweet wines of Bordeaux fermented and matured?

In a moderate-high % of new oak barrels for 18-36 months

216

Name two benefits of Gravel soil

Good drainage, so water isn't retained.

Gravel soils tend to be warming.

217

Name the 4 "Premiers Grands Crus Classé A" of the 2012 St. Emilion Classification

Chateau Ausone

Chateau Cheval Blanc

Chateau Pavié

Chateau Angelus

218

What style of wine is produced in the following appellations:

Margaux

Pomerol

Sauternes

Pessac-Leognan

Entre-Deux-Mers

Margaux: Dry Red

Pomerol: Dry Red

Sauternes: Sweet White

Pessac-Leognan: Dry Red/White

Entre-Deux-Mers: Dry White

219

What does Cabernet Franc add to a Bordeaux blend?

More tannic than Merlot, less muscular and assertive than Cabernet with med+ to high acidity

Herbal spice and red fruit aromatics.

220

Which Ocean Current warms Bordeaux?

The Gulf Stream

221

Who is the producer of "Creme de Tete"?

Where are they based?

What is unique about this wine?

Chateau Gilette.

Sauternes.

It is aged only in concrete, no oak.

222

Name the most highly rated area in Graves

Pessac-Leognan

223

"Pavillon" is the Second wine of which chateau?

Chateau Margaux

224

The Atlantic brings high levels of rainfall and humidity to Bordeaux, what 3 risks does this bring?

What helps to protect the vineyards from these rains?

1. Rain can disrupt flowering and fruit set

2. Dampness can promote rot

3. Rain at harvest time can dilute flavours

Coastal pine forests.

225

Who produces the wine below?

Chateau Palmer

226

Where does Chateau Roc des Cambes produce wine?

Cotes de Bourg.

227

What are "croupes"?

Gravel mounds in Bordeaux uncovered by the Dutch during their drainage work in the 1600's.

228

Put the following appellations in order from North to South:

Sauternes 

Médoc 

Barsac

Pomerol 

Fronsac

1. Medoc

2. Fronsac

3. Pomerol

4. Barsac

5. Sauternes

229

Sauternes AOP covers which 5 villages?

Sauternes, Barsac, Fargues, Preignac, and Bommes.

230

What are the 2 broad categories of soils on the Right Bank, and what are they made of?

 

The Côtes: Steep, limestone slopes.

The Graves: Gravelly, limestone plateau similar to Medoc.

 

231

What is the soil composition in Graves and what is it known as?

A mixture of sand, gravel and light clay is known as "boulbenes".

232

Who ruled Bordeaux between 1152 and 1453

England

233

What are the 3 major and 3 minor white grapes allowed in Bordeaux?

3 Major: Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle.

3 Minor: Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard.

234

Generally speaking what is the main difference between the soils of the left bank and the right bank?

Left bank predominately gravelly

Right bank predominately clay / limestone with gravelly outcrops

235

Who produces the wine below?

Chateau Petrus

236

What does Merlot add to a Bordeaux blend?

Adds softness and fleshy, juicy texture.

237

How are the best Bordeaux red and white wine aged?

In 225 ltr Barriques, usually a mix of new and old oak.

Red: Up to 2 years in barrel.

White: 12-16 months in barrel.

238

How is Rosé wine labelled in Bordeaux?

Bordeaux Rosé or Bordeaux Clairet

239

What is the "microchateau" or "garagiste" movement in Bordeaux?

Name 3 examples and where they produce wines.

A group of small châteaux making powerfully ripe and polished modern wines from just a handful of acres.

Le Pin in Pomerol.

Valandraud and La Mondotte in St-Émilion.

240

What is the minimum alcohol level for St-Emilion Grand Cru AOP?

11.5%

241

Which is the only Medoc First Growth not to sell its wines "en primeur"?

Chateau Latour

242

The climate in Bordeaux is maritime. What does that mean?

Low continentality, low diurnal, rain all year long

243

In Bordeaux, what are "Courtiers"?

Brokers of wine who supplied the chateaux with financial backing in exchange for control over the actual trading of wine.

244

How would you describe Bordeaux climate?

What parallel is it located on?

 

Moderate Maritime

45th Parallel

 

245

Which grape is trypically the first to ripen in Bordeaux?

Merlot

246

When was the last classification of St-Emilion?

2012

247

What are the 2 parent grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon?

Sauvignon Blanc

Cabernet Franc

248

What is 'Clairet'?

A deeper coloured Rose wine with fuller body made by longer maceration.

a darker, more aromatic style of rosé that evokes the original claret wines shipped to England in the Middle Ages.

249

In what year did Chateau La Tour Haut-Brion stop producing wine?

Who do they now supply grapes to?

2006

Chateau La Mission Haut-Brion

250

How are wines from Pauillac generally characterized?

Which 3 First-Growths are found there?

Cabernet Sauvignon-based wines that are structured and long-lived.

Chateau Latour, Chateau Mouton-Rothschild, Chateau Lafite-Rothschild.

251

What is the minimum acquired alcohol level and sugar in g/L for Sauternes?

12% abv

45g/L

252

Which wine region in France has the most hectares under vine?

Bordeaux

253

Name the 3 Sweet Wine appelations within Graves Superieur.

Sauternes

Barsac

Cerons

254

Chateau Lafite is associated with which wine/vineyard area?

Bordeaux/Medoc

255

What is the difference between "coulure" and "millerandage"?

What are they caused by?

Coulure: Uneven set. Occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering. Caused by cold weather during flowering or mineral deficiency.

Millerandage: "Hens and Chicks" or Uneven ripening. Grape clusters with berries that vary in size and number of seeds. Caused by cold weather at flowering, mineral deficiency, or disease.

256

What is "Bouchet"?

A synonym for Cabernet Franc on the Right Bank

257

What are the 6 red grapes allowed in Bordeaux?

 

Cabernet Sauvignon,

Merlot,

Cabernet Franc,

Petit Verdot,

Malbec,

Carmenére.

258

Chateau Lynch-Bages is a ___ Growth in which commune?

5th Growth, Pauillac.

259

Traditional barriques in Bordeaux contain how many liters?

225

260

What is the main taste difference of Pomerol Vs Saint Emilion wine?

Pomerol tends to be richer with a spicier blackberry fruit character

261

What was the Médoc like before it became a renowned wine area, and who was responsible?

It was a salt marsh and pine forest.

Dutch engineers drained the marshes in the mid-17th Century and discovered beds of gravel underneath.

262

What is the "Bordeaux Mixture" and what are its ingredients?

A spray applied to vines in oder to prevent fungal disease.

Lime, copper sulfate, water.

263

What are the 5 villages of Margaux?

Soussans, Margaux, Cantenac, Labarde and Arsac.

264

What is the name of the original classification of the best red and white wines of The Medoc and Sauternes?

How are wines in this classification referred?

Who commissioned this ranking?

What data did they use to structure the rankings?

1855 classification

Crus Classé

Napoleon III

Record of the prices each property's wine commanded; the higher the price, the higher the ranking.

265

What are 3 synonyms for Malbec, and where are they used?

Côt: Cahors

Pressac: Bordeaux Right Bank

Auxerrois: Loire Valley

266

Which river does St-Emilion border?

The Dordogne

267

What is the process of 'Passerillage'?

French term for leaving grapes on the vine past normal harvest so that they dry up and concentrate their flavours

268

What is Malbec known as in the Right Bank?

In Cahors and the Loire Valley?

Right Bank: Pressac

Cahors: Côt

Loire Valley: Auxerrois

269

What type of soil would you expect in Haut-Medoc and Pessac-Leognan?

Gravelly, slightly more sandy towards the south.

270

Chateau Petrus is associated with which region/vineyard area?

Bordeaux/Pomerol

271

Match the following châteaux with their respective classification/Growth and commune.

Château Léoville Las Cases

Château Cos d’Estournel

Château Duhart-Milon-Rothschild

Château Léoville Las Cases: 2nd Growth, St-Julien

Château Cos d’Estournel: 2nd Growth: St-Estephe

Château Duhart-Milon-Rothschild: 4th Growth, Pauillac

 

272

From which region does Chateau Cheval Blanc come?

Bordeaux - St. Emilion

273

How many "Growths" in the historical 1855 classification of Bordeaux Red wine?

White wine?

Red - 5 White 3

274

What does Petit Verdot add to a blend?

Color, depth and exotic perfume;

275

Where is Chateau Trotanoy located?

Pomerol

276

In which commune of the Médoc is Chateau Lafite produced?

Pauillac

277

Top 5 recent vintages of the Médoc?

2005

2009

2010

2015

2016

278

What is the main difference between Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur?

Superior has slightly stricter appelation rules and has a higher alcohol content than plain Bordeaux

279

What style do wines from St-Julien generally deomstrate?

A more elegant style.

280

How are wines from Margaux generally characterized?

Often described as feminine, with an emphasis on floral bouquet, exotic character and finesse.

281

How are wines from St.-Estephe generally characterized?

Sturdy and full-bodied, with a slightly higher percentage of Merlot.

282

What are the 5 First Growths of Bordeaux?

Which Chateau is unusual and for what reason?

-Latour

-Lafite-Rothschild

-Mouton-Rothschild (not originally classified as a First Growth in 1855, later added in 1973)

-Margaux

-Haut-Brion

283

Where does Chateau Rieussec produce wine?

Who owns this property?

Sauternes.

Chateau Lafite-Rothschild

284

What 2 terms can be applied to wines outside the Crus Classé classification?

What are the differences bewtween them?

Cru Artisan and Cru Bourgeois.

Cru Artisan: Reserved for smaller estates (smaller than 5 ha), the list is reviewed every 10 years. Wines must be from 1 of the 8 Medoc communes.

Cru Bourgeois: A superior designation that must be applied for each year; applies only to the individual wine and not the entire estate. Wines must be from 1 of the 8 Medoc communes.

285

Within the context of Bordeaux, what is unique about the classification system in St-Emilion?

It forms part of the appellation system.

286

What 3 components dominate the soil of Pomerol?

What is the subsoil made from?

What is the French term for this specific subsoil?

Clay, Sand and Gravel.

Subsoil: Iron pan and Rich Clay (Crasse de Fer / literally "Iron Dirt/Grime")

287

Chateau Lynch-Moussas is a ___ Growth in which commune?

5th Growth, Pauillac

288

Cabernet Franc is most associated with which appellation in Bordeaux?

 

St. Emilion

289

What is the most planted grape in Bordeaux?

 

Merlot

290

Chateau Ducru-Beaucaillou is a ___ Growth in which commune?

2nd Growth / St.-Julien

291

Chateau Marquis D'alesme Becker is a ___ Growth in which commune?

3rd Growth / Margaux

292

Chateau Montrose is a ___ Growth in which commune?

2nd Growth / St.-Estephe

293

Chateau Pape-Clement is located in which commune?

What is significant about this estate?

Pessac - Leognan

It is the oldest Chateau in Bordeaux, celebrating its 700th harvest in 2006.

294

Chateau Pichon-Longueville Baron is a ___ Growth in which commune?

2nd Growth / Pauillac

295

Where, specifically, is the Lafite-Rothschild estate situated?

What are the 3 major vineyard areas?

-The northern end of Pauillac, close to Cos d'Estournel in St-Estephe.

1. Hillsides around the chateau.

2. "Les Carruades" plateau to the west.

3. 4.5 ha in St-Estephe (technically entitles to the Pauillac appellation.)

296

How are Chateau Lafite-Rothschild and Chateau Latour geographically situated in Pauillac?

How do the wines differ stylistically?

Chateau Lafite-Rothschild: Very northern end of Pauillac, near St-Estephe.

Chateau Latour: Very southern end, near St - Julien.

Wines from Lafite-Rothschild tend to be smooth, finessed, perfumed, polished.

Those from Latour trend towards firmness, solidity, power.

297

Identify 9 superior vintages of Bordeaux between 1950 and 1990:

1990 / 1989 / 1985 / 1982 / 1970 / 1966 / 1961 / 1959 / 1953

298

Why is 1982 such a historically significant vintage in Bordeaux?

What was the vintage like, on the whole?

- Rise of Robert Parker as an unequivocally influential critic. Identified the importance of the vintage, encouraged people to buy as much 1982 as they could.

- This brought a huge cash-flow into Bordeaux, marking the end of the "Old Era" and the beginning of Modern Bordeaux; producers began focusing on power and richness, leading to more manipulation of the wines and attempts to recreate this historic vintage.

-Long, hot, dry year yielding rich, ripe, opulent wines.

299

Who was Émile Peynaud, and why was he so significant?

- A French oenologist known as the "forefather of modern oenology."

- Encouraged winemakers in Bordeaux to harvest later (they had been harvesting earlier to avoid rot), limit yields, use only the best fruit and pursue a richer, riper style of wine that elevated quality over quantity.

- Also encouraged winemakers to create 2nd and 3rd labels, made with grapes that were of lesser quality.

300

What are 2 hallmarks of wines from Chateau Latour?

- Very slow to mature; highly tannic in youth.

- Remarkably consistent, equally impressive in vintages considered great, average or even disappointing.

301

Describe the soil and topological factors that contribute to Petrus' power and opulence:

- Iron-rich clay soils (crasse de fer) give the wines power and structure. 

- Clay helps retain water, creates a cooler mesoclimate ideal for early-ripening Merlot.

- Average age of vines = 45 years.

- Located on a gentle slope which aids in draining.

302

What is unique about the composition of Petrus' wine?

Almost entirely Merlot, whereas much of Right Bank wine is Merlot blended with Cabernet Franc.

303

Merlot?

  • Merlot (56%)
    • Progeny of Cabernet Franc
    • Early flowering (frost risk), coulure risk and prone to rot
    • Responds to damp, cool soils that retain moisture (St Emilion, Pomerol, Entre deux Mers)
    • dominant in Right bank and in the cooler northern Medoc (St Estephe)
    • Medium to full bodied (full bodied in top estates) and medium tannins
    • Flavours – medium to pronounced intensity fruit- strawberry, red plum with herbaceous flavours in cooler years – cooked blackberry, black plum in hotter years)
    • medium to high alcohol
304

Cabernet Sauvignon

·         Cabernet Sauvignon (20%)

o    Progeny of Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc

o    Small sized berries with thick skin and large pips – concentrated phenolics

o    Long Ageing potential and affinity for oak

o    Moderate yields, deep coloured, tannic, full bodied with pronounced intensity violet, blackcurrant, black cherry flavours, aromas: tomato leaf, herbaceous, menthol

o    Medium alcohol and high acidity/tannins

o    dominant in Left bank

305

Cabernet Franc

  • Cabernet Franc (10%)
    • Co parent of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
    • Prefers cool inland climates
    • A role in Left bank but larger role in Right bank wines
    • Buds and matures early, hence easier to ripen fully than Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Earlier maturing than Cabernet Sauvignon

Contributes light-medium body, high acidity, medium to pronounced intensity red fruit (redcurrant, raspberry), floral (violet) aromas – and leafy aromas if not fully ripened with medium tannins

306

Petit Verdot

  • Petit Verdot (1%)
    • Late ripening – later than Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Thick skinned, disease resistant
    • Makes concentrated, tannic, spicy, deeply coloured wines in riper seasons
    • Out of favour but a valuable contributor in warmer seasons with its tannic structure and powerful flavours
    • Generally less than 5% of a Bordeaux blend
307

Cot/Malbec

  • Cot/Malbec (1%)
    • Sensitive to coulure, frost, downy mildew and rot!
    • Not in favour in Bordeaux
    • Typically, the wines have:
      • Medium to pronounced levels of violet, red/dark plum fruit
      • Med to medium + acidity, medium to high tannins
      • Very deep colour – deep ruby to purple
    • Has the disadvantages of Merlot in cooler seasons without the elegant flavours
308

Semillon

  • Semillon (6%)
    • Mid ripening varietal
    • Thin skinned - susceptible to botrytis/noble rot
    • Can carry high yields
    • Wines:
      1. Light intensity apple, lemon – and if under ripe grassy flavours
      2. With a medium body, medium alcohol, medium to medium + acidity
    • Golden/copper toned grape variety
    • Easy to cultivate, vigorous, resistant to coulure & disease
    • Used in Bordeaux:
      1. Bordeaux AOC dry whites from Entre-deux-Mers
      2. Often blended with Sauvignon Blanc in dry wines (Graves)
      3. Adds richness, colour and pronounced honey and dried fruits notes in sweet unfortified wines (Sauternes, Barsac) – and it also moderates the more intense flavours and high acidity of Sauvignon Blanc in these wines
309

Sauvignon Blanc

  • Sauvignon Blanc (6%)
    • Green skinned
    • Buds early and ripens early
    • Vigorous rootstock – use low vigour rootstock and canopy management
    • Wines:
      1. Grassy, green fruits, elderflower with high acidity, light-medium body
      2. Blended with Semillon to give high acidity and intense aromatic flavours
310

Muscadelle

```
  • Muscadelle (1%)
    • Minor constituent in sweet white wines
    • Used exclusively in blends to add fruitiness (grape aromas/muscat) and perfume
```
311

The Bordeaux vineyard area?

what changes are occurring/

  • Size: 110,000ha = #1 AOC area under vine in France before Rhône
  • Has been a recent reduction in total vineyard area – govt. sponsored vine pull scheme – oversupply of basic Bordeaux AOC wines
  • Concentration of ownership with:
  • Avg holding going from 5ha in 1987 to 14.5ha in 2011
  • 23% biggest vineyard owners own 64% of vineyards
312

The vineyard practices of Bordeaux?

what density of plantings

Vineyard methods:

  • Guyot training system – CANE PRUNING:
    • single arm (St Émilion)
    • or double arm (Médoc) on low wires
  • Vine density 4,500 - 10,000 vines/ha
    • Density is higher on top estates where land is expensive and the low fertility of the soil and moderate climate help to control vigour
    • Specialised equipment is needed to manage these vineyards
  • Easy mechanization because flat land
  • Majority of vineyards harvested by machine excl. for sweet wine for bunch selection and triage
  • Canopy management is needed due to the disease pressure of a humid maritime climate
    • Leaf removal – generally later in the season to avoid burning the bunches
    • Bunch thinning
      • to allow better sunlight onto the bunches, less overlapping and control yield
      • not popular anymore – instead aim to prune to lower bud numbers to lower yield
313

average yield of Bordeaux?

50 hL/ha

314

at harvest - grape selection?

```
  • Grapes selection at harvest:
    • Only for high quality wines
      • Firstly in the vineyard by the hand pickers
      • Secondly at the winery (“triage”) – on a sorting table or optical sorter
    • At high end wineries they aim to pick separately where they have differences in quality levels so they can high grade the fruit into individual small parcels
```
315

What are the different options taken during the fermentation process in Bordeaux?

  • Fermentation
    • Almost always destemmed
    • In closed vats (Cuves) with pump overs normally
    • Cultured yeasts used
    • Different vessels – wood, SSteel and Concrete
    • Temperature control – higher than new world – up to 30 degrees max.
    • Early drinking styles:
      • Mid-range fermentation temperatures
      • Short time on skins after fermentation, 5-7 days
      • Achieves good primary fruit without too much tannin extraction
    • Ageworthy styles
      • Mid-range to warm fermentation temperatures
      • 14-30 days on skins after fermentation
      • This allows more tannin extraction and structure to the wine
    • Sometimes extended maceration for colour and tannins
316

for Pressing - what is the process for high quality red wines?

·   Pressing

•   The free run juice is drained off

•   Pressing using pneumatic presses, modern vertical or hydraulic presses

The press wine (like the free run) is put into a 225 litre barrel (barrique)

317

How is MLF treated in red winemaking in Bordeaux?

  • MLF
    • In tank for inexpensive wines and also because it is safer than risk MLF not going through
    • In wood – you can achieve better integration of oak into the wine – done by many top estates but run the risk of MLF not going through in barrel if too cold
    • Some wineries will heat their cellars to assist MLF to go through
    • Note: because for en primeur the wines will be tasted in Spring next year so many top estates will inoculate to ensure MLF goes through rapidly
318

Maturation for red wines is key in Bordeaux - how is it different between entry level and high quality wines?

  • Maturation
    • Entry level
      • aged in stainless steel, concrete vats, large vats for 4-6 months
      • Oak chips may be added
    • High quality
      • Matured in French Oak barriques
      • Mixture of first, second and third use barrels
      • Top estates will use up to 100 percent new Oak
      • Matured for 18 to 24 months, racked every three months normally
      • Some use microoxygenation instead of racking, to soften the tannins
    • Barrel selection and handling
      • Winemakers normally opt for a range of coopers to add complexity
      • Level of toast is medium to medium plus
319

Blending - the timing? different depending on need?

  • Blending
    • Most estates, if showing in the spring ‘en primeur’ tastings, blend over winter
      • Gives a near final blend for showing
      • Plus declassifies parcels for the 2nd or 3rd labels or for sale as bulk
    • Minority of estates wait until a few months before bottling
      • Better able to assess each component
    • Many of the top estates work with a winemaking consultant who primarily assists with the blending process (Michel Rolland)
320

reverse osmosis - why is this used sometimes?

  • Concentration through reverse osmosis
    • higher alcohol, smooths harsh tannins, stablilizes colour.
    • Wines more approachable in youth. Important in cool vintages.
321

What are the two methods of Rose production in Bordeaux and the two different styles that go with that?

  • two styles made in Bordeaux
    • deeply coloured, full bodied, traditional CLAIRET
      • made with younger vines or,
      • short maceration and bleeding off method, i.e. saignee
      • traditionally made with Merlot or Cabernet Sauvignon
    • lighter coloured Rose – a newer style
      • more likely direct pressed off – i.e. red fruit put straight in the press and pressed off straight away
322

Why is botrytis cinerea affected fruit so much better than late harvest or chaptalised wines?

  • Botrytis works to improve quality by:
    • Alters considerably the flavour and aroma of the finished wine
    • Stimulates the production of glycerol
    • Slightly increases the concentration of tartaric acid
    • Reduces the water content of the grapes by over 50%
    • Increases the concentrations of sugar in grapes
    • Due to the above the wine made from botrytis affected fruit is different to just late harvest or sweetened wine
    • Key points are increased complexity of flavours, the additional texture from the glycerol, and naturally high sugar levels balanced by good levels of natural acidity
323

What additional costs does a classed growth have in the wine production versus an entry level Bordeaux?

```
  • A classed growth has many additional costs:
    • Increased vine density
    • Harvest costs
    • Higher viticultural costs
    • Lower yield
    • Rigorous grape selection
    • Barrel ageing
```
324

What proportion of Bordeaux wine is exported?

Biggest export market?

what % is cooperative production?

2/3rds! with less than half of that staying in the EU

China biggest market since 2010

25%

325

White wine vinification - this is a long answer - go through the steps and the options for inexpensive vs. premium white wines.

  • picking – can be done by machine or by hand so long as the fruit quality is good
  • after arrival at the winery, firstly crushed or just destemmed
    • pressing immediately
      • maximum freshness, less phenolics taken into the juice
    • or left on skins after crushed/destemmed up to 24 hours
      • gives more aromatic and phenolic complexity
      • need good clean grapes or else off flavours taken into the juice
  • Early drinking styles
    • Cool ferment in stainless steel tanks to maintain aromatics and freshness
    • Remain in tank (most likely racked off gross lees) for a few months
    • Then clarified, cold stabilised and bottled
  • Premium styles
    • Left on fine lees for 6 to 12 months
    • Gives more weight and complexity
  • Highest quality styles
    • Fermented and aged in barriques – proportion of new oak
    • Lees stirring (batonnage) to give good lees contact and avoid off flavours – struck match (sulphidic notes (which is sometimes seen as a positive style feature)
  • On all of the above styles – MLF may or may not be blocked depending on whether the winemaker wants to keep the acidity and freshness in the wine
326

The process in the vineyard of making sweet white wine in Bordeaux?

  • In the Vineyard
    • Yields need to be kept low in the vineyard – down to 1/3rd of average yields
    • Achieved by pruning to low bud numbers and then bunch thinning any damaged or diseased fruit to ensure the likelihood of grey rot is minimised
    • Maximum yield is 25hL/ha – but most top estates only achieve 10hL/Ha.
    • Chateau d’Yquem is around 9 hL/Ha.
    • Picking has to be hand and well trained to only pick the noble rot affected bunches
    • Depending on the season and the end product pickers may make multiple passes through a vineyard
    • Picking may run from September to November
    • How much botrytis ends up in the wine depends on:
      • The seasonal conditions
      • Location of the vineyards in relation to where mists form
      • Willingness of the estates to wait for the optimum time for botrytis
      • Ability of the estate to pick in multiple passes
    • Why is botrytis cinerea affected fruit so much better than late harvest or chaptalised wines?
      • Botrytis works to improve quality by:
        • Increases the concentrations of sugar in grapes
        • Reduces the water content of the grapes by over 50%
        • Slightly increases the concentration of tartaric acid
        • Stimulates the production of glycerol
        • Alters considerably the flavour and aroma of the finished wine
      • Due to the above the wine made from botrytis affected fruit is different to just late harvest or sweetened wine
      • Key points are increased complexity of flavours, the additional texture from the glycerol, and naturally high sugar levels balanced by good levels of natural acidity
327

The sweet wine making in the winery - what are options for premium and inexpensive wines?

  • In the winery
    • Treated like a white wine
    • Chaptalisation is allowed in many of the regions but not used by quality focussed Chateaus
    • Fermented in a mixture of stainless steel, concrete tanks and barriques
      • Fermentation in top quality regions like Sauternes stops naturally once alc. reaches 14% due to the high alcohol
      • In lesser regions, like Loupiac, the fermentation may be stopped by chilling, addition of SO2 or sterile filtration
    • Aged for varying periods in these vessels
    • Top quality wines
      • Typically barrel fermented – better integration of oak and fruit flavours
      • High portion of new oak and barrel aged for 18-36 months
      • Amount of new oak varies from 30 to 50 percent – but d’Yquem is 100%
    • Lesser quality wines – stored in tank (unoaked) and released a year later
328

Name the Premium Crus of 1855 classification?

PREMIERS CRUS – translates to ‘First Growth’

Château Haut-Brion (in Graves)

Château Latour

Château Lafite-Rothschild

Château Mouton-Rothschild (since 73 only) Château Margaux

329

The second growths of 1855 classification

Second growth

  • x 14
  • Ch. Cos d'Estournel (St-Estephe)
  • Ch. Leoville Barton (St-Julien)
  • Ch. Montrose (St-Estephe)
330

The third through fifth growths in 1855 classification - how many and name a few if you can!

Third growth

```
  • x 14
  • Ch. Palmer (Margaux)
  • Ch. Calon-Ségur  (St-Estephe)
```

Fourth growth

```
  • x 10
  • Chateau Talbot (St-Julien)
  • Chateau Lafon-Rochet (St-Estephe)
```

Fifth growth

```
  • x 18
  • Ch. Grand-Puy-Lacoste (Pauillac)
  • Ch. Lynch-Bages (Pauillac)
```
331

changes to 1885 classification?

how much of Medoc production does it represent?

The classification only changed once (to promote Mouton Rothschild from 2nd to 1st growth) since 1855 > arguments as to whether it is still reliable.

‘Cru Classe’ represents about 25% of all Medoc wine produced

All classed growths must be bottled at the estate

332

What is the hierarchy for Cru Bourgeois from the recent 2018 vintage review?

```
  • From Vintage 2018:
    • Cru Bourgeois
    • Cru Bourgeois Supérieur
    • Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel
    • The term will be used for FIVE years then a new assessment done
    • Starts with the 2018 vintage and runs from then for five years?
```
333

Graves classification?

  1. Graves 1959 Classification
  • Graves first classified in 1953 then amended slightly in 1959
  • No hierarchy -> all wines are ‘cru classé’
  • 16 Château with 13 reds and 9 whites (Includes Ch Haut-Brion)
  • All within the Pessac Leognan region
334

The reds and whites made under the Bordeaux AOC - what are they mainly made from and taste like?

  • Red wines ```
    • Typically from Merlot
    • Medium intensity red fruit, high acidity, medium+ tannins, medium body and medium alcohol
    •  
  • White wines
    • Increasing amounts of Sauvignon Blanc
    • Medium intensity, gooseberry and lemon fruit, medium body high acidity and medium alcohol
```
335

Bordeaux Superieur AOC - what is the designation mean in terms of differences to Bordeaux AOC?

  • Bordeaux Supérieur AOC: Bordeaux AOC +0.5%; mainly reds but can be white.
    • Maximum yields for Bordeaux Supérieur AOC:
    • 59hL/Ha for Reds (vs. 60 hL/Ha for Bordeaux AOC)
    • Four times more Bordeaux AOC Red made than Bordeaux Supérieur red
    • Generally more concentrated and ambitious than Bordeaux AOC
    • Aged in oak for at least 10 months
336

Cotes de Bordeaux AOC - what are the communes under this AOC?

COTES DE BORDEAUX AOC

  • Created in 2009 for a group of appellations, right bank and entre-deux-mers
  • They are: Blaye, Castillon, Francs, Cadillac
  • Can call themselves: Blaye Cotes de Bordeaux, etc
  • For red wines – the maximum yield is 55hL/Ha and 52hL/Ha if commune name attached
  • Red wines similar in price and style to Medoc AOC
  • White wines are also allowed
  • MERLOT is the dominant varietal
  • Plus MALBEC is in 10% of its hectares – unusually high percentage

 

337

What do Medoc and Haut Medoc AOCs have in common?

  Medoc + Haut Medoc AOCs

  • Red wine only
  • Maximum yield is 55 hL/Ha.
  • Can only sold after mid June in the year following harvest
  • Both located on the left bank of the Gironde, north of Bordeaux
338

Medoc AOC - detail the AOC, soils, wines

MÉDOC AOC () – 5,000ha / 37m btls

  • Was traditionally called Bas-Medoc – which means lower Medoc
  • North of St Estèphe
  • Soils predominantly clay with some gravel but not as well-drained and heavier
  • Almost equal portions of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Can be earthy, rustic and even a bit lean.
  • Majority sold in bulk to coops or the Bordeaux trade for generic wines
  • Some quality wines from individual Châteaux e.g. Potensac, Les Ormes Sorbet and Vieux Robin.
339

Haut-Medoc AOC?

HAUT-MÉDOC AOC () – 4,500ha / 30m btls

```
  • Just North of St Estèphe down to the outskirts of Bordeaux
  • More Gravel soils – warm and free draining
  • Cabernet Sauvignon 50%, Merlot 44%
  • Best wines have same deep colour, concentration and ageing potential as classed growths
  • Includes 6 communal appellations,
    • 4 are famous and for red wine only @ 57hL/Ha.:
      • St Estèphe
      • Pauillac
      • St Julien
      • Margaux
    • Two are not famous:
      • Listrac
      • Moulis
```

 

340

Typically what do the wines from Haut Medoc taste like?

  • Typically the wines from the Haut Medoc and communes are: ```
    • Pronounced intensity
    • Blackcurrant, green bell pepper (especially cooler areas), red plum fruit
    • with vanilla and cedar oak notes
    • Medium to high alcohol
    • High tannins and medium+ body
```
341

St Estephe AOC?

Saint-Estèphe AOC () – 1,200ha / 8.3m btls

  • Most northerly
  • More Merlot than other communes, at 40%
  • Cabernet is 50%
  • Gravel + limestone + clay soils mean less draining and cooler soils which delay ripening
  • Higher acidity in the fruit
  • Style softened with more Merlot
  • Due to cooler climate, has a reputation for ‘rustic’ wines that take time to soften the tannin
  • Use of concentration techniques (including reverse osmosis)
  • The wines are split by:
    • 54% Crus Bourgeois (e.g Ch Haut Marbuzet, Meney, De Pez),
    • 20% classed growths
      • Montrose 2nd, Cos d'Estournel 2nd
      • Calon Segur 3rd
      • Lafon Rochet 4th
      • Cos Labory 5th
    • 17% for the only cooperative in the area
342

Pauillac AOC

Pauillac AOC () – 1,200ha / 8.1m btl

  • Deep gravelly soils and close proximity to Gironde
  • considered the best in Haut Médoc.
  • Cabernet Sauvignon territory w powerful concentrated, long-lived reds – high tannin and high acid wines
    • 62% planted of Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Top estates have up to 70-80 percent in the blend
```
  • 3 of the 5 first growths:
    • Latour,
    • Lafite Rothschild
    • Mouton-Rothschild
  • 85% of the wines produced are ‘Cru Classe’ – the highest portion in Haut Medoc
```
343

Saint Julien AOC

Saint-Julien AOC () – 900ha / 6m btls

  • 2 well-exposed & well-drained gravelly plateau on Gironde estuary;
  • smallest of Médoc’s top 4 communes – 900 Ha.
  • Most homogeneous and reliable communes
  • Cabernet Sauvignon dominates plantings but wines show more mellow fruit and balance
  • Wine style between powerful structure of Pauillac and finesse of Margaux
  • 80% of vineyards owned by 11 high profile Château committed to high level of quality
  • No first growths but ‘Cru Classe’
    • 5 x 2nd, Gruaud-Larose, Leoville-Barton
    • 2 x 3rd
    • 4 x 4th growths - Talbot
  •  that represent 80% of St Julien production
344

Margaux AOC

Margaux AOC () – 1,500ha / 9m btls

  • Largest, most southerly & most isolated communal appellation; 5 villages incl. Margaux
  • Varied soils (limestone, chalk, clay and sand) but fine wines mostly from gravelly soils
  • Best wines = deep colour, structure of top Médoc w a silkier texture and elegant perfumes
  • Several Châteaux have failed to keep up with quality improvements
  • Slightly less Cabernet Sauvignon planted here – but it is still predominant - % not given
  • Ripens earlier than Pauillac and up to 7-10 days earlier than northern Medoc appellations
  • 1st Growth Chateau – Chateau Margaux
    • famous Chateau building,
    • 75% Cabernet, 20% Merlot, 5% Cabernet Franc + Petit Verdot
    • Making a dry white wine from 100% Sauvignon Blanc
    • Revived from 1978 onwards
  • 2nd growths:
    • Rauzan-Ségla,
    • Rauzan-Gassies,
    • Durfort-Vivens,
    • Lascombes,
    • Brane-Cantenac.
  • 3rd growths, ```
    • Desmirail,
    • Ferrière,
    • Dubignon-Talbot
    • Chateaux Palmer
      • Officially a 3rd growth
      • Has been a consistent quality performer for Margaux
```
345

Listrac AOC

  • Listrac AOC () – 650ha / 4.8m blts
    • Cool limestone-clay soils – less gravel than other communes
    • Red wine only
    • Maximum of 45 hL/Ha. (40hL/Ha is the max for other Haut Medoc communes)
    • Further from Gironde estuary – less of a moderating influence
    • Merlot more planted vs. Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Dominated by the Listrac co-operative
    • but also 20 Châteaux incl. Rothschild’s Chateau Clarke
346

Moulis AOC - small commune in Haut Medoc - what characteristics and name a key winery

  • Moulis AOC () – 600ha / 4m btls
  • Smallest communal appellation – red wine only
  • Further from Gironde estuary
  • High proportion of limestone and clay + some gravel to the east
  • No classed growths, best wines from Cru Bourgeois e.g. Ch Chasse Spleen
347

Graves AOC - where is it, what is it known for, what are the red wines predominantly made from ?

GRAVES AOC (●●) – ~3,000ha / 24m btls

  • Large region extending 50km south of Bordeaux along the left bank of the Garonne;
  • Only region equally famous for whites & reds
  • Whites on sandy soils and reds on gravelly soils
  • Cabernet-dominated wines are lighter in body and earlier maturing than Medoc
  • Increasing amount of red wine being made here (~1700 Ha RED to 700 Ha WHITE)
  • Graves supérieur is another appellation for sweet wines.
348

Pessac-Leognan AOC

PESSAC-LÉOGNAN AOC (●●) – 1,600ha / 9m btls

  • Created in 1987 for the most celebrated part of the Graves district, directly south of the town of Bordeaux
  • Most urban wine area in Bordeaux; mostly red wine production
  • Home to only 1855 first growth outside of Médoc: Chateau Haut Brion
  • Contains all of the properties included in 1959 Graves classification
  • Production:
    • Max 54hL/Ha
    • 1400 Ha of red grape production
      • Cabernet Sauvignon dominant
      • With some Merlot and Cabernet Franc
    • 270 Ha of white grape production – planted mainly on sandier soils
349

Pessac has a reputation for white wine production - describe the wines and varietals

  • White Wine production (20%)
    • Reputation for the best dry white wines in Bordeaux
    • Made from Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Semillon and Muscadelle (typically Sauvignon Blanc/Semillon blends)
    • Typically gooseberry, lemon, grapefruit with vanilla and clove
    • Using Barrel fermentation and maturation
    • The wines age over decades
350

Red wine in Pessac Leognan is similar to what communes?

  • Red Wine production (80%)
    • Distinct aroma of Minerals, Smoke and ‘warm bricks’
    • Similar in style and price to the four prestigious Medoc communes
351

Sauternes AOC  is where?

  • Small area within the southern tip of the Graves area,
    • along the Garonne river, 40km away from Bordeaux
    • covers 5 communes incl. Sauternes and Barsac
352

the specific mesoclimate of Sauternes?

  • Specific mésoclimate
    • all communes close to two rivers (Ciron & Garonne).
    • In the Autumn, the cool spring-fed Ciron meets the warmer Garonne
    • evening mist form and linger until late morning when the sun burns them away
353

What is the viticulture environment for Sauternes AOC?

  • Viticultural ```
    • Soils are heavy gravels and heavy clays
    • Semillon
      • 80% of plantings
      • Thin skinned
      • Very susceptible to botrytis
    • Sauvignon Blanc
    • tiny amount of Muscadelle
    • Very small yields - max 25hl/ha yields
    • Chateau d’Yquem 9 hL/ha
    • Selective hand harvesting, with multiple passes and ‘triage’ (hand sorting at winery)
```
354

Wine production for Sauternes AOC - what varietals, time in oak and how large is the AOC for sweet wines in Bordeaux

  • Wine production
    • Largest sweet wine AOC – 50% of all production in Bordeaux
    • from Sémillon / Sauvignon Blanc / Muscadelle;
    • chaptalisation permitted in weaker vintages
    • the wines
      • Sémillon
        • typically 80% of the blend.
        • Provides the rich broad flavours
      • Sauvignon blanc brings acidity & freshness.
      • Muscadelle for aromatics
    • 18 to 36 months in oak (30 to 100% new)
    • Very costly to make due to time consuming and labour-intensive harvests
355

Barsace AOC - soils, style compared to Sauternes?

BARSAC AOC (Sweet wines only) - 540ha

  • Unique situation amongst the 5 Sauternes communes with proximity to Ciron river and alluvial soils
  • Soils are mainly shallow limestone derived
  • Lighter, drier, higher acidity and more elegant wines vs. Sauternes
  • Considered as being a step above other communes
  • Can be registered as Sauternes AOC or Barsac AOC

Ch Climens, Coutet & Doisy-Daëne count amongst the top estates

356

A tasting note for Sauternes - write one out.

TASTING NOTE:

```
  • Medium golden
  • Pronounced aromas of citrus peel, honey, tropical fruit (mango), vanilla oak
  • Full bodied with high alcohol, medium to medium+ acidity
  • Sweet finish
  • Good to outstanding
  • Mid-priced to super premium
```
357

Sales of sweet white wines - current trajectory? and changes to producers

Sales of Sweet white wines

  • Sauternes and many other sweet wine producing areas have experienced a drop off in sales over the last 30 years
  • Some producers are therefore changing over to produce more dry white wines, i.e. Chateau Climens
358

Entre deux Mers AOC - where is it, soils, what wines are under this AOC ?

  1. ENTRE-DEUX-MERS AOC () – 1,300ha
    • Second largest appellation in hectares – long way second though to Bordeaux AOC
    • Clay and sandy soils
    • Max. yield of 65 hL/Ha
    • Most vineyards use the Lenz Moser high vine trellising system
    • ONLY whites mainly from Sauvignon blanc usually blended with Sémillon, Muscadelle & Ugni blanc
    • 2nd largest dry white AOC after Bordeaux AOC w around 100,000hl/yr
    • NB: reds from the area not allowed in AOC -> sold under Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur AOC
    • In fact the Entre-deux-Mers district has become the chief source of Bordeaux AOC red wines
359

Sainte Croix du Mont and Loupiac?

SAINTE CROIX DU MONT AOC (Sweet whites) – 380ha

  • Area in the south of Entre-deux-mers facing Barsac and Sauternes
  • A lesser area for sweet white wines
  • Increasing use of ‘noble rot’ and barrel maturation to improve quality
  • Max yield 40 hL/Ha and good to very good quality and inexpensive to mid-priced

LOUPIAC AOC

Maximum 40 hL/Ha.

Produces sweet white wines, either botrytis affected or late harvest

Good to very good in quality, inexpensive to mid-priced

360

Cote de Bordeaux AOCs on the Entre Deux Mers?

CÔTES DE BORDEAUX AOCs on the ENTRE DEUX MERS ()

  • Right bank of the Garonne, north of Ste Croix du Mont
  • Part of Cotes de Bordeaux since 2007 – Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux and Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux
  • Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux
    • reds mainly from Merlot, blended w Cab Sauv and Franc
    • Fruity, medium-bodied wines to be drunk within 3-5 years
  • Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux – sweet white wines
361

Right bank soil is mainly ? soil

what does the soil and climate suit?

What is a typical varietal blend?

Limestone and clay

Merlot and Cabernet Franc

Typical right bank blend: 60% Merlot 30% Cabernet Franc 10% Cabernet Sauv (Ch. Pavie)

362

What the five soil types seen in St Emilion?

  1. Limestone plateau > most top vineyards e.g. Clos Fourtet
  2. Côtes:
    • slopes off the Plateau made of clay-limestone
    •  Ausone, Pavie, Angelus
  3. Graves:
    • gravelly, pebbly soils in the northwest, bordering w Pomerol
    • Cheval Blanc, Ch Figeac
  4. Sables: sandy plateaux west and east of town > lighter + shorter lived
  5. Dordogne plain: alluvial gravels directly below town > lighter + shorter lived
363

Saint Emilion Grand Cru AOC - how does it differ from the Saint Emilion AOC

Saint Émilion Grand Cru AOC () :

  • Same geographical delimitation but higher min abv, lower yields and approval by   tasting panel required.
  • Own classification system; key estates include Ch Ausone, Angélus & Cheval Blanc.
  • Vineyard: maximum of 46hL/Ha
  • Wine Production: minimum of 20 months oak ageing
364

St Emilion satellites - name them and what variety dominates?

St Emilion satellites: Lussac / Montagne / Puisséguin / Saint Georges Saint Émilion AOC () – 3,900ha

  • 4 villages = northern extension of St Emilion hills & can add ‘St Émilion’ as a suffix
  • Same limestone-clay soils but later ripening cycle so autumn weather more critical
  • Wines Merlot-dominated, slightly more rustic
  • Numerous small producers
  • The co-operative ‘Les producteurs reunis’ – 40% of Lussac & 20% Puisseguin production
  • Montagne-St Emilion largest division.
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Pomerol - where is it?

Pomerol AOC (●) – 800ha

-   Small but prestigious appellation

-   Maximum yield is 49hL/Ha.

-  North-east of Libourne and North-west of St Emilion

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the soils and varietals of Pomerol

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  • Viticultural
    • No limestone but gravel, sand and clay
    • early ripening zone for Merlot (80% of plantings)
    • mostly small estates – 6.5Ha.
    • 49 hL/Ha. max yields
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Wines of Pomerol?

  • Wine production
    • Red and black plum, with noticeable vanilla and clove new oak flavour
    • High alcohol, medium+ to high acidity, medium+ to high tannins
    • Due to their tannin, acidity and high fruit concentration the wines age for many years

 

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Top Chateau of Pomerol

where are most of the top Chateau in Pomerol?

Petrus

top Chateaus are on the clay, gravel soil plateau

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Cotes de Bourg AOC

  • Côtes de Bourg AOC (●●) - 3,900ha
    • Right bank of the Gironde opposite Margaux
    • Hilly limestone and clay terrain w slightly warmer climate and one of the lowest rainfall in the   region
    • Merlot dominates and wines are usually blended, occasionally w Cot/Malbec (10% of plantings) that gives liquorice notes to the wines
    • Red wines full-bodied and firm w earthy fruitiness.
    • Small proportion of white wines made from Ugni blanc and Colombard.

Top estates include Ch Roc des Combes & Ch Fougas

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Cotes de Bordeaux AOC - name the Communes

Côtes de Bordeaux AOC

Group of appellations:

  • Blaye, northern right bank opposite Medoc, red and white wines, mainly Merlot
  • Premières – Entre deux Mers – same AOC area as Cadillac but only sweet white wines
  • Cadillac – Entre deux Mers – red wine only – same AOC area as Premieres
  • Francs – right bank, north east of St Emilion, red and white wines, since 2007
  • Castillon – right bank, east of St Emilion, red wine only, since 2007
  • Dominant varietal is Merlot
  • Style and price similar to Medoc
  • 55hL/Ha or 52hL/Ha. if commune name is added to label