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SS - Exam 1 > Somato & Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Somato & Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory systems

A

Somatosensory
Olfactory
Gustatory
Visual
Auditory
Vestibular

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2
Q

Function of sensory system

A

Detect changes in the external and internal environment. Focus on afferent signals

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3
Q

Specific branches of sensory systems

A

Somatosensory - touch, temp, pain, pressure, limb position
Olfactory - volatile chemicals
Gustatory - taste
Visual - light
Auditory - sound
Vestibular - movement and head position

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4
Q

Steps in sensory perception

A

Detection & transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception

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5
Q

Break down of sensory perception

A

Detection & transduction - receptor translates stimulus from chemical to electrical signal
Transmission - action potential propagated
Modulation - synapses on neurons with input form other sources
Perception - sensory cortex, not all sensory info goes to cortex (subconscious)

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6
Q

Sensory receptor types

A

Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Nociceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Activated by mechanical forces (touch, stretch, pressure, vibration, sound waves)

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8
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Activated by light

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9
Q

Nociceptors

A

Activated by potential / actual potential tissue damage

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10
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Activated by binding of chemicals

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11
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Activated by heat or cold

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12
Q

Primary receptor

A

Specialized terminals of the sensory neuron
Receptors for touch, pain, temperature

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13
Q

Secondary receptor

A

Specialized non-neural cells that send a chemical signal to the sensory neuron
Rods and cones in retina
Hair cells in ear

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14
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased sensitivity to stimulus over time

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15
Q

Slow adapting receptors

A

Tonic
Action potentials continue to be generated, but slower rate = continuous input to NS with duration of stimulus

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16
Q

Rapid adapting receptors

A

Phasic
After initial firing, action potentials stop

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17
Q

TRP channels

A

Ion channels that convert sensory stimulus into electrical potential
28 different channels
Sensitive to pain, temp, taste, pressure, light
Permeable to cations (Na, Ca)

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18
Q

Origin of TRP channels

A

Blind fruit flies

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19
Q

Clinical significance of TRP channels

A

Mutation can cause polycystic kidney disease
Possible target for pain medication

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20
Q

Modulations

A

Tactile: pressure, vibration, light touch
Proprioceptive: limb position & movement
Thermal: heat, cold, changes in temp
Pain: extreme pressure or temp, tissue damage, chemicals

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21
Q

Location for modality receptors

A

Skin, muscle, tendons, joints, teeth, mucus membranes, cornea

22
Q

Somatosensory pathways in body

A

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron - spinal nerve
2 Interneurons
Synapses in
- spinal cord, brainstem
- thalamus
- sensory cortex

23
Q

somatosensory pathways in head

A

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron - cranial nerve
Interneurons
Synapses in
- brain
- thalamus
- sensory cortex

24
Q

Skin histology

A

Epidermis - stratified squamous epi, some sensory nerve ending
Dermis - collagen, glands, hair follicles, vessels& nerves
Subcutis - adipose tissue, blood vessels

25
Free nerve endings
Simplest nerve receptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors
26
Encapsulated/specialized nerve endings
Low threshold mechanoreceptors Proprioceptive
27
Low threshold mechanoreceptors
Different size receptor fields Pacinian corpuscle Meissner corpuscle Ruffian corpuscle Merkle’s disk
28
Proprioceptors
Golgi tendon organ Muscle spindle Joint kinesthetic receptor
29
Something strange abt pacinian corpuscles
Cats have pacinian corpuscles in the pancreas Coincidence with Hz and purring …?
30
Merkle cell carcinoma
Dogs - usually benign Cats - often malignant
31
Nociceptors
Respond to actual or potential tissue damage Multiple types - inflammation, mechanical, thermal, pinprick Many involve TRP channels
32
Thermoreceptors
Low threshold receptors (cold) - myelinated fibers (fast) - TRPM ion channels (activated also by menthol) High threshold receptor (warm) - unmyelinated fibers (slow) - TRPV ion channels (activated by capsaicin)
33
Muscle spindle
Sensory organ Short intrafusal muscle fibers Surrounded by fibrous capsule Arranged in parallel to extrafusal fibers Helps maintain posture
34
Innervation of muscle spindle
Sensory - type 1a: info abt muscle length & velocity of contraction - type 2: info abt muscle length Motor - gamma motor neurons
35
Golgi tendon organs
Located in tendons Innervated by type 1b sensory fibers Arranged in series w extrafusal muscle fibers Prevents excessive muscle contraction/damage
36
Golgi tendon organ Interneurons
Inhibit agonist alpha motor neuron (relaxation) Excite antagonist alpha motor neuron (contraction) Inverse myotatic reflex
37
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Most active at extremes of flexion & extension Limit detectors
38
First order somatosensory neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons Peripheral process Cell body Central process
39
Pseudounipolar neurons
Cell body has one process, splits into peripheral & central branches
40
Peripheral process
Modified or bare nerve endings in the skin, muscle, joint. Part of axon in spinal or cranial nerves
41
Cell body of first order SSN
Located in DORSAL root ganglia (body) or cranial nerve ganglia (head)
42
Central process for first order SSN
Synapses w second order neuron in spinal cord or brainstem
43
Types of sensory axons
A alpha A beta A gamma B C
44
A alpha axon
Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs
45
A beta axons
Muscle spindles, mechanoreceptors
46
A gamma axon
Pain (stabbing) & temperature
47
B axon
Autonomic
48
C axon
Pain (burning), temperature
49
sensory spinal nerves
One spinal nerve for every division Contain sensory and motor axons Each nerve innervates a strip of skin called the Dermatome - organized sensory input Detects sensations in muscle, organ, connective tissue
50
Location for sensory spinal nerves
cell bodies for sensory neurons are in the DORSAL root ganglia
51
Dorsal root ganglia
Located in the cell bodies (ncb) of the first order sensory neurons

SS - Exam 1 (33 decks)

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