Radio - Spine Flashcards
Block vertebrae
Fusion of two adjacent vertebrae
(Lacks intervertebral disk)
Usually stable with no clinical signs
Developing a Block vertebra
Results of failure of proper segmentation during embryogenesis
Partial Block vertebrae
Partial blocking can occur with partial development of vertebral disk
Hemivertebrae development
Due to failure of segmentation or malformation or displacement during embryogenesis
OR failure of ossification of vertebral bodies
Hemivertebrae common breeds
Boston terriers
English bulldogs
Pugs
Hemivertebrae - radio findings
Abnormal shaped vert bodies
Smaller vert bodies
Overall curvature of the spine
Butterfly vertebrae
Sagittal cleft vertebra
Failure of fusion of lateral half’s
Transitional vertebrae
Anomalous vert formation at junctions of major spinal regions (transitions of regions)
Transitional vertebrae junctions
TL junctions
LS junctions
Sacralization of L7
Lumbarization of S1
Transitional vertebrae - TL junction
TL junctions
- incomplete or lack of formation of one or both T13 ribs
- ribs formed in place of transverse process on L1
Transitional vertebrae - LS junction
LS junctions
Sacralization of L7
- complete for partial fusion of L7 to the body of sacrum
Lumbarization of S1
- development of transverse processes & intervertebral disc between S1 and S2
Lordosis
LOW, ventral deviation of spine
Kyphosis
Ky high
Dorsal deviation of spine
Scoliosis
Lateral deviation of spine
Spina bifida
Congenital failure of development of vertebral arch
Splitting of spinous process (radio findings)
Spina bifida
Can be associated with neural tube defects
Atlantoaxial instability
Increased distance between dorsal spinous process of C2 and dorsal arch C1
Radio findings with atlantoaxial instability
Dorsal caudal displacement of C2
Abnormalities in dens (where important ligaments attach)
- fractures
- agenesis
- hypoplasia
Dens displacement
Dorsal process of dens can deviate upwards and penetrate or pressure the ventral aspect of the spinal cord
Discospondylitis
Infectious disease
Forms in endplates lysis !!! Hallmark feature
sclerosis, intervertebral space can collapse
New bone formation/deformans
Hallmark feature of discospondylitis
Inter Endplate lysis
Spondylitis
Secondary to infection or tumor
Hallmark - bony proliforation at ventral aspect of ventral body
May involve more than one vertebral body
Spondylosis deformans
Clinically insignificant
Age related change in animals
Bony proliferation that extends from one vertebrae to the other - usually ventrally (annulus fibrosis)
Vertebral tumor
Will present as an aggressive bony leasing
- osteoclastic or osteolytic
Primary or metastatic
Distribution of primary bone tumors
Typically monostotic
Polyostotic tumors
Mean they’re usually secondary and metastatic
Multiple myeloma
Plasma cell tumor, arises from bone marrow
Hallmark feature - multiple moth-eaten lysis
Common feature & tumor of the axial skeleton
IDD
Intervertebral disc disease
Anatomic features of IDD
Annulus - outer layer
Nucleus pulposa - inner softer layer
Herniation will occur dorsally into the neural canal = paralysis
Inter capital ligament
Found in cranial thoracic spine, connects from one rib head to the other.
This ligament runs on top of the nucleus pulposus and makes herniation from T1-10 more rare
Hall mark for disc herniation
Collapsed intervertebral space
Smaller intervertebral foramen (increased olpacity)
Shape of vertebrae in IDE
Narrowed /wedged intervertebral disc space in herniation
Secondary changes with IDE
Narrowed intervertebral space
Sclerosis of adjacent endplates
Myelogram
Spinal in subarachnoid space and injecting contrast
Can show where spinal cord is = reveal compressive lesion
neurologic diseases localized to the brain
Masses
Dilated ventricular system (hydrocephalus)
Multi focal lesion - inflammatory/infections, hemorrhage
Trauma - skull fractures
Muscle atrophy in Brian
Denervation and rapid atrophy indicates a nerve sheath tumor
Glioma
Inter axial tumors
MRI vs ct for brain lesion
MRI are much more sensitive, much less conspicuous in appearance than a CT
