Lesion Local 4

Question 1

If reflexes are normal to increased in thoracic limbs in animal w tetraparesis

Answer 1

Then localization is a C1-5 myelopathy

Question 2

If reflexes are decreased to absent in thoracic limbs in animal w tetraparesis

Answer 2

Then localization is a C6-7 myelopathy or lower motor neuron

Question 3

Patellar reflex

Answer 3

Hit patellar tendon = stretches pat tendon (spinal fibers)
Signal travels up dorsal root through spinal cord then down ventral root to quadriceps muscle = extension

Question 4

Patellar reflex mechanism

Answer 4

Patellar tendon
Golgi tendon organ
Afferent portion of the nerve
Dorsal nerve root
L4-6 spinal cord segments
Ventral nerve root
Efferent portion of the nerve
NMJ
Quadriceps muscle

Question 5

Brachial plexus region

Answer 5

C6-T2 region

Question 6

Suprascapularis nerve supply

Answer 6

C6 & 7

Question 7

Subscapularis nerve supply

Answer 7

C6 &7

Question 8

Axillary nerve supply

Answer 8

C6, 7, 8

Question 9

Radial nerve supply

Answer 9

C7, 8, T1, 2

Question 10

Median nerve supply

Answer 10

C8, T1, 2

Question 11

Ulnar nerve supply

Answer 11

C8, T1, 2

Question 12

Shoulder nerve supply and origin

Answer 12

Suprascapularis, subscapularis, musc, axillary
C6, 7, 8

Question 13

Elbow nerve supply

Answer 13

Musc, axillary, radial nerves
C6, 7, 8, T1, T2

Question 14

Carpus nerve supply

Answer 14

Radial, median and ulnar
C7, 8, T1, T2

Question 15

Withdrawal reflex

Answer 15

Stimulus to toe, travels radial nerve to caudal intumescence
Dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord, LMN = flexion of limb
Ideally seeking flexion of joints
Lack of flexion = abnormal function of nerve

Question 16

Radial nerve

Answer 16

Featured on dorsal aspect of limb

Question 17

Ulnar nerve

Answer 17

Featured on lateral and ventral sides of limb

Question 18

Musculocutanous nerve

Answer 18

Featured on the medial side of limb

Question 19

Withdrawal reflex efferent - ulnar and median

Answer 19

Withdrawal on carpus indicates proper function of ulnar and Median nerves

Question 20

Withdrawal reflex efferent on musculocutanous nerve

Answer 20

Withdrawal of biceps and brachialis muscles indicates proper function of musculocutanous nerve

Question 21

Withdrawal reflex efferent of Supraspinatous & axillary nerves

Answer 21

Withdrawal of the shoulder, deltoid & suprascapular muscle indicates proper function of the suprascapular & axillary nerve

Question 22

Polysynaptic reflex

Answer 22

Reflex that has multiple synapse at the spinal cord or brain

Question 23

Shoulder reflex

Answer 23

Cranial intumescence

Question 24

Elbow reflex

Answer 24

Mid intumescence

Question 25

Carpal reflex

Answer 25

Caudal intumescence

Question 26

Vertebral origin of femoral nerve

Answer 26

L4, 5, 6

Question 27

Vertebral origin of obturator nerve

Answer 27

L4, 5, 6,

Question 28

Vertebral origin of cranial gluteal nerve

Answer 28

L6, 7, S1

Question 29

Vertebral origin of caudal gluteal nerve

Answer 29

L6, 7, S1, S2

Question 30

Vertebral origin of sciatic nerve

Answer 30

L6, 7, s1, s2,

Question 31

Vertebral origin of pudend. Nerve

Answer 31

S1, 2, 3

Question 32

Withdrawal reflex - afferent Distally

Answer 32

Tibial, Fibular

Question 33

Withdrawal reflex - afferent Laterally

Answer 33

Sciatic

Question 34

Withdrawal reflex - afferent Medially

Answer 34

Saphenous / femoral

Question 35

Caudal intumescence lesion - pelvic limb

Answer 35

Good hip & stifle flexion No stifle flexion

Question 36

Reflexes normal to increased in pelvic limbs

Answer 36

In Animal with paraparesis, lesion is localized to T3-L3 myelopathy

Question 37

if reflexes are decreased to absent in pelvic limb i

Answer 37

In animal with paraparesis, localization is L4-S3 myelopathy or LMN

Question 38

Use for sciatic nerve reflex

Answer 38

Common in animals in lateral recumbency Find sciatic notch. Proper function should flex the stifle (L6-S1)

Question 39

Use for gastroc reflex

Answer 39

Used after cranial tibial Strike muscle belly, proper function should result in extension of the hock, contraction of thigh muscles may occur. Innervated by tibial branch of sciatic (L7-S1)

Question 40

Use for Cranial tibial reflex

Answer 40

Proper functional response is flexion of the hock Innervated by Fibular branch of sciatic nerve (L6-7)

Question 41

Grading scale for reflexes

Answer 41

0 - absent 1 - delayed 2 - normal 3 - increased 4 - clonus *difference between 3 & 4 = presence of UMN disease

Question 42

Crossed extensor

Answer 42

Extension of opposite limb from stimulated during flexor reflex tests Indicates UMN disease, likely chronic

Question 43

Babinski reflex

Answer 43

Stroking limbs on caudolateral surface of hock to digits, animal should elicit no response. Any response like extension and fanning of digits indicates UMN disease

Question 44

Perineal reflex

Answer 44

Winking of booty hole, testing pudendal nerve (S1-3)

Question 45

Cutaneous trunci

Answer 45

Start caudally Afferent T3-L5 Efferent is lateral thoracic nerve - C8-T1 spinal cord segments - cutaneous trunci muscle Useful for focusing lesions in T3-L5

Question 46

Hyperpathia

Answer 46

Something that could be painful with enough force, but applied force should not be painful*

Question 47

Hyperesthesia

Answer 47

Something that shouldn’t be painful but is

Question 48

Nociception

Answer 48

Deep pain More resistant pathways to damage than other pathways. Withdrawal on deep pain, indicates only an intact reflex arc (peripheral nerve & spinal segments) Deep pain is important for assessing prognosis & surgery

Question 49

Bladder control

Answer 49

L1-4, UMN bladder = lesion= increased tone to bladder wall/detrusser muscle & pudendal nerve s1-3, LMN bladder - lesion = incontience, no tone to detrusser muscle Pelvic nerve - parasympathetic, releasing bladder Hypogastric nerve - sympathetic, filling bladder

Question 50

Detrusor muscle tone

Answer 50

UMN - increased LMN - decreased

Question 51

Urethane sphincter tone

Answer 51

UMN - increased LMN - decreased

Question 52

Bladder expression

Answer 52

UMN - difficult, urinary retention LMN - easy, urinary incontinence