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Pharmaceutics > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a solution?

A

A chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

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2
Q

What is the stability of solutions?

A

Poor

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3
Q

What is solubility?

A

Amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of liquid at a given temperature

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4
Q

How do you increase solubility?

A
  1. Select a different solubilizing agent or solvent/co-solvent
  2. Select different chemical salt form
  3. Change pH of the solution
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5
Q

What is the relation between polar groups and aqueous solubility?

A

More polar groups = better solubility

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6
Q

What is the relation between salts and solubility?

A
  1. Monovalent cations are generally water soluble (Na+, K+)

2. Divalent cations are less water soluble (Ca++, Hg++)

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7
Q

What is the relation between molecular weight and solubility?

A

Increased weight = decreased solubility

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8
Q

What is the relation between halogens and solubility?

A

Halogens decrease solubility

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9
Q

What are co-solvents used for?

A
  1. Enhances solvation ability of water

2. Contributes to product’s chemical and/or physical stability

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10
Q

What are some common co-solvents in oral preparations?

A

Ethyl alcohol, glycerin and propylene glycol

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11
Q

What are some common co-solvents in oral oleaginous injections?

A

Corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil and sesame oil

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12
Q

What are some traits of alcohol?

A
  1. Miscible with water.
  2. Able to dissolve many water insoluble ingredients such as drugs, flavorants, colorants, and antimicrobial preservatives.
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13
Q

In higher concentration, what can ethanol be used as?

A

Antimicrobial

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14
Q

What are some traits of glycerol and propylene glycol?

A
  1. Miscible with water and alcohol – excellent co-solvent
  2. Has preservative properties
  3. Used as a stabilizer in addition to help solubilize materials
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15
Q

Is purified water acceptable for parenteral administration?

A

No

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16
Q

What happens to solubility when there is a net increase of heat?

A

Increase of dissolution rate, not increase of solubilty

17
Q

What do powders in dry mixtures contain?

A

Contains all components of the formulation except solvent

18
Q

What are oral rehydration solutions used for?

A

Treat rapid fluid loss

19
Q

What is the most commonly employed sugar in syrups?

A

Sucrose

20
Q

What are some common sugar substitutes?

A

Sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)

*sugar substitutes for diabetics

21
Q

What kind of vehicle are syrups?

A

Non-medicated or flavored

22
Q

Why is there a high sugar count in syrups?

A

Ties up water therefore prevents microbial growth. Try to minimize free water.

23
Q

What are some traits of elixirs?

A
  1. 10-12% alcohol
  2. Poorer the water solubility, the higher the proportion of alcohol
  3. Should be used to mask bad taste or high potency
24
Q

What are some traits of tinctures?

A
  1. Plant extract

2. 15-80% alcohol

25
Q

What are some traits of spirits?

A
  1. Prepared by simple solution, maceration, or distillation
  2. > 60% alcohol
  3. Forms a milky solution
  4. Used as a flavoring agent or medicinally
26
Q

What are some common extraction methods?

A
  1. Maceration

2. Percolation

27
Q

What is the maceration process?

A

Drug is soaked in solvent

28
Q

What is the percolation process?

A

Drug is extracted by the slow

passage of solvent through a column of the material

29
Q

What are some traits of coal tar topical solution?

A
  1. An alcoholic solution containing 20% coal tar and 5% polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)
  2. Prepared by the maceration of coal tar for 7 days with agitation, then filtered
  3. Final content is 81 – 86% alcohol
30
Q

What are some traits of povidone iodine topical solution?

A

Chemical complex of iodine and polyvinyl pyrrolidine used as a surgical scrub

31
Q

What are some traits of thimerosal topical solution?

A

Water soluble organic mercury antibacterial

used to disinfect skin prior to skin

32
Q

What are some traits of collodions

A

Painted/applied to skin and allowed to dry to form a somewhat flexible cellulose film

Pharmaceutics (30 decks)

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