Radiopharmaceuticals

Question 1

What is a radiopharmaceutical?

Answer 1

Radioactive agent used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

Question 2

What is the most common radioisotope for diagnosis?

Answer 2

Tc-99m

Question 3

How do you find the mass number?

Answer 3

Protons + Neutrons

Question 4

How do you find the atomic number?

Answer 4

Protons

Question 5

What are isotopes?

Answer 5

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Question 6

What is a radionuclide?

Answer 6

Atom that has an unstable nucleus (excess nuclear energy)

Question 7

Where exactly does decay occur?

Answer 7

Parent nucleus

Question 8

What does the parent nucleus produce?

Answer 8

Daughter nucleus

Question 9

A nuclide with an atomic number greater than ____ is radioactive

Answer 9

83

Question 10

Is radioactive decay random?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Can you predict when one particular atom will decay?

Answer 11

No; unless it is a collection of atoms of a single element

Question 12

What does the rxn rate of a first-order rxn tell you?

Answer 12

Rxn rate = directly proportional to concentration of one of the reactants

Question 13

What kind of order process does rate of decay represent?

Answer 13

First-order

Question 14

What is the physical half-life?

Answer 14

Amount of time necessary for the radioactive atoms to decay to 1/2 their original number

Question 15

What is the biological half-life?

Answer 15

Amount of time required for the body to metabolize/eliminate 1/2 of administered dose

Question 16

What is the effective half-life?

Answer 16

Time required for an administered radiopharmaceutical dose to be reduced to 1/2 as a result of both physical decay and biological mechanisms

(p*b)/(p+b)

Question 17

Ionizing vs non-ionizing radiation

Which causes e- to be knocked out of molecules?

Answer 17

Ionizing

Question 18

Radioactive decay is an (ionizing/non-ionizing) radiation

Answer 18

Ionizing

Question 19

What are the 3 principle types of radioactive decay w/ charge?

Answer 19

Alpha = +2
Beta = -1
Gamma = no charge

Question 20

In an alpha emission, what kind of element is emitted?

Answer 20

Helium

Question 21

As a result of an alpha emission, the new element form an atomic number with ___ units (higher/lower) and a mass number ____ units (higher/lower)

Answer 21

atomic number = 2 units higher

mass number = 4 units lower

Question 22

What is transmutation?

Answer 22

Changing one element to another

Question 23

What gives the alpha particle a relatively large mass compared to other ionizing radiation particles?

Answer 23

Neutrons and Protons

Question 24

Because of the alpha particle’s large mass, what is some good news?

Answer 24

Low speed and low penetrating distance

Question 25

What line/pathway do alpha particles follow?

Answer 25

Tend to travel in a straight line Ionization in a small area

Question 26

In beta particles, what is being changed?

Answer 26

Neutron is converted to a proton and an electron

Question 27

Emission of a beta particles transforms what?

Answer 27

Element into a new element with same mass number but 1 unit higher of atomic number

Question 28

Compared to a alpha particle, a beta particle is...

Answer 28

smaller and faster penetrates better, but less damage

Question 29

Alpha particles are considered (internal/external) hazard

Answer 29

internal

Question 30

Beta particles are considered (internal/external) hazard

Answer 30

Both

Question 31

Gamma ray is a high energy ionizing radiation in the form of ________ energy

Answer 31

electromagnetic energy

Question 32

Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called ________

Answer 32

protons

Question 33

When are gamma rays usually emitted?

Answer 33

Along with alpha/beta particles during decay

Question 34

Gamma particles are considered (internal/external) hazard

Answer 34

Both

Question 35

What is a positron emission and what is the result of it?

Answer 35

"Positive e-" is emitted from nucleus Atomic number = one unit lower Mass number = same

Question 36

What is an electron capture and what is the result of it?

Answer 36

Extra electron is captured by nucleus With a proton, it forms a neutron

Question 37

What is the primary (or viable) decay mode for isotopes that have relative superabundance of protons?

Answer 37

Electron capture

Question 38

What is the neutron particle emitted by?

Answer 38

Nuclear fission

Question 39

Ionizing radiation is characterized by two physical measurements, what are they?

Answer 39

1. Intensity/activity | 2. Energy

Question 40

What are some instruments used to detect intensity/activity of ionizing radiation + units

Answer 40

1. Geiger-Muller or proportional counter 2. Scintillation counter Ci U.S. unit and becquerel (Bq [SI unit])

Question 41

How does ferric hexacyanoferrate work?

Answer 41

Traps cesium and thallium ions in GI and interrupts their reabsorption back to circulation

Question 42

How does DTPA work?

Answer 42

Chelating agent used to eliminate radionuclides. Works in the blood where it competes with various biological ligands