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Pharmaceutics > Radiopharmaceuticals > Flashcards

Radiopharmaceuticals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a radiopharmaceutical?

A

Radioactive agent used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures

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2
Q

What is the most common radioisotope for diagnosis?

A

Tc-99m

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3
Q

How do you find the mass number?

A

Protons + Neutrons

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4
Q

How do you find the atomic number?

A

Protons

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5
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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6
Q

What is a radionuclide?

A

Atom that has an unstable nucleus (excess nuclear energy)

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7
Q

Where exactly does decay occur?

A

Parent nucleus

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8
Q

What does the parent nucleus produce?

A

Daughter nucleus

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9
Q

A nuclide with an atomic number greater than ____ is radioactive

A

83

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10
Q

Is radioactive decay random?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Can you predict when one particular atom will decay?

A

No; unless it is a collection of atoms of a single element

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12
Q

What does the rxn rate of a first-order rxn tell you?

A

Rxn rate = directly proportional to concentration of one of the reactants

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13
Q

What kind of order process does rate of decay represent?

A

First-order

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14
Q

What is the physical half-life?

A

Amount of time necessary for the radioactive atoms to decay to 1/2 their original number

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15
Q

What is the biological half-life?

A

Amount of time required for the body to metabolize/eliminate 1/2 of administered dose

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16
Q

What is the effective half-life?

A

Time required for an administered radiopharmaceutical dose to be reduced to 1/2 as a result of both physical decay and biological mechanisms

(p*b)/(p+b)

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17
Q

Ionizing vs non-ionizing radiation

Which causes e- to be knocked out of molecules?

A

Ionizing

18
Q

Radioactive decay is an (ionizing/non-ionizing) radiation

A

Ionizing

19
Q

What are the 3 principle types of radioactive decay w/ charge?

A 
Alpha = +2
Beta = -1
Gamma = no charge
20
Q

In an alpha emission, what kind of element is emitted?

A

Helium

21
Q

As a result of an alpha emission, the new element form an atomic number with ___ units (higher/lower) and a mass number ____ units (higher/lower)

A

atomic number = 2 units higher

mass number = 4 units lower

22
Q

What is transmutation?

A

Changing one element to another

23
Q

What gives the alpha particle a relatively large mass compared to other ionizing radiation particles?

A

Neutrons and Protons

24
Q

Because of the alpha particle’s large mass, what is some good news?

A

Low speed and low penetrating distance

25
Q

What line/pathway do alpha particles follow?

A

Tend to travel in a straight line

Ionization in a small area

26
Q

In beta particles, what is being changed?

A

Neutron is converted to a proton and an electron

27
Q

Emission of a beta particles transforms what?

A

Element into a new element with same mass number but 1 unit higher of atomic number

28
Q

Compared to a alpha particle, a beta particle is…

A

smaller and faster

penetrates better, but less damage

29
Q

Alpha particles are considered (internal/external) hazard

A

internal

30
Q

Beta particles are considered (internal/external) hazard

A

Both

31
Q

Gamma ray is a high energy ionizing radiation in the form of ________ energy

A

electromagnetic energy

32
Q

Gamma rays are weightless packets of energy called ________

A

protons

33
Q

When are gamma rays usually emitted?

A

Along with alpha/beta particles during decay

34
Q

Gamma particles are considered (internal/external) hazard

A

Both

35
Q

What is a positron emission and what is the result of it?

A

“Positive e-“ is emitted from nucleus

Atomic number = one unit lower

Mass number = same

36
Q

What is an electron capture and what is the result of it?

A

Extra electron is captured by nucleus

With a proton, it forms a neutron

37
Q

What is the primary (or viable) decay mode for isotopes that have relative superabundance of protons?

A

Electron capture

38
Q

What is the neutron particle emitted by?

A

Nuclear fission

39
Q

Ionizing radiation is characterized by two physical measurements, what are they?

A
  1. Intensity/activity

2. Energy

40
Q

What are some instruments used to detect intensity/activity of ionizing radiation + units

A
  1. Geiger-Muller or proportional counter
  2. Scintillation counter

Ci U.S. unit and becquerel (Bq [SI unit])

41
Q

How does ferric hexacyanoferrate work?

A

Traps cesium and thallium ions in GI and interrupts their reabsorption back to circulation

42
Q

How does DTPA work?

A

Chelating agent used to eliminate radionuclides. Works in the blood where it competes with various biological ligands

Pharmaceutics (30 decks)

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