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Pharmaceutics > Powders + Granules > Flashcards

Powders + Granules Flashcards

1
Q

What are granules?

A

Agglomerates of powdered material

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2
Q

Which is more soluble, amorphous or crystalline?

A

Amorphous

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3
Q

Polymorphs exist in the (solid/liquid/gas) phase and never exists in _____

A

Exists as solid

Never exists in solution

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4
Q

Formation of polymorphism is dependent on what?

A

Crystallization conditions such as temperature, solvent, etc

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5
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

Ability of a SOLID material to exist in more than one form (not at the same time)

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6
Q

Particle size reduction (increases/decreases) surface area

A

increase

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7
Q

Increased surface area tends to (increase/decrease) dissolution rate

A

increase

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8
Q

What is dissolution rate?

A

TIME it takes for RX to dissolve

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9
Q

(T/F) Increasing dissolution rate has no effect upon the extent of solubility of a solute

A

True

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10
Q

Acidic RX are absorbed where?

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Basic RX are absorbed where?

A

Intestines

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12
Q

How long do RX remain in the stomach?

A

2-4 hrs

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13
Q

How long do RX remain in the intestines?

A

4-10 hours

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14
Q

What is micrometrics?

A

Science of small particles

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15
Q

Powder particle size ranges where what?

A

Coarse (1cm) to extremely fine (1 micrometer)

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16
Q

How is sedimentation rate determined?

A

Measuring particle settling viscosity in a liquid medium via Stokes Law

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17
Q

What is an excellent flow property value?

A

Angle of Repose = 25-30

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18
Q

What is a horrible flow property value?

A

Angle of Repose = >66

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19
Q

What is a passable flow property value?

A

Angle of Repose = 41-45

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20
Q

What is the angle of repose?

A

Estimates powder flow properties

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21
Q

Generally, flow is a problem with particle sizes _____

A

<100 micrometers

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22
Q

Powders with low angle flow (freely/poorly)

A

Freely

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23
Q

Powders with high angle flow (freely/poorly)

A

Poorly

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24
Q

Bulk vs Tapped density

Includes pore, air and voids

A

Bulk

25
Q

Bulk vs Tapped density

Density increases

A

Tapped

26
Q

Bulk vs Tapped density

Particles pack more efficiently

A

Tapped

27
Q

Packing (for porosity’s case) is dependent on what?

A

Particle shape and spaces between particles

28
Q

Small-scale trituration includes…

A

Grinding w/ mortar and pestle

29
Q

Large-scale trituration includes…

A

Mills and pulverizers

30
Q

When is sifting not acceptable?

A

Incorporation of potent drugs into a diluent powder

31
Q

When demixing of powders occur, what is it usually caused by?

A

Particle size variations or densities

32
Q

What are hygroscopic powders?

A

Absorb moisture from air

33
Q

What are deliquescent powders?

A

Absorb moisture from air + partially/completely liquefy

34
Q

To minimize hygroscopic and deliquescent powders, where can store them in?

A

Tight containers w/ desiccant packs

35
Q

What are efflorescent powders?

A

Crystalline powders that contain water that is liberated during processing/low humidity

36
Q

What’s the problem with efflorescent powders?

A

It may become sticky or even liquefy

37
Q

How can you minimize the problem associated w/ efflorescent powders?

A
  1. Use anhydrous form of RX

2. Minimize friction

38
Q

What is an eutectic?

A
  1. Powder becomes sticky or liquefies when mixed together

2. Melting point reduced when two powders mixed

39
Q

How can you minimize the problem associated w/ eutectics?

A
  1. Mix material w/ bulkuy absorbent powder

2. Avoid compression (use spatula instead of mortar/pestle)

40
Q

What kind of agents can EXPLODE when mixed??

A

Oxidizing and reducing agents

41
Q

What kind of individuals prefer oral powders?

A

Peeps w/ difficulty swallowing solid dosage form

42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral powders?

A

+ = faster dissolution and absorption over solid dosage forms

  • = Undesirable taste
43
Q

What is insufflation?

A

Blowing something into a body cavity

44
Q

When are aerosol powders particularly useful?

A

Anti-infectives w/ a WIDE therapeutic index

45
Q

What is the particle size range of aerosol powders?

A

1 to 6 micrometers

46
Q

(T/F) Powders dispensed in bulk is only limited to non-potent substances

A

True

47
Q

When are powder papers used?

A

Limited to institutional practice

48
Q

What are the advantages of granules?

A
  1. Better flow than small powders
  2. May be swallowed directly in food or H2O
  3. May be compacted into tabs/caps
49
Q

What are the main methods of forming granules?

A
  1. Wet granulation

2. Dry granulation

50
Q

What are the disadvantages of granules?

A

Time and labor investment

51
Q

What kind of dosage form is preferred for reconstitution?

A

Granules

52
Q

What do effervescent granulated salts release when in contact with water?

A

CO2

53
Q

What kind of dosage form requires strict control of humidity and temperature conditions (10% RH + 20-25C)?

A

Effervescent Granulated Salts

54
Q

What are the advantages of effervescent formulations?

A
  1. Protects low pH sensitive material in the stomach
  2. Assist delivering large doses
  3. Enhanced absorption
  4. Masks unpleasant tastes
55
Q

(T/F) Effervescent Granulated can be swallowed directly

A

Nope, dissolve in H2O first

56
Q

Tartaric and citric acids are used together in a __:__ ratio for effervescent granulated salts

A

2:1

57
Q

If you just used tartaric acid alone for effervescent granulated salts, what would happen?

A

Chalky taste, crumbes

58
Q

If you just used citric acid alone for effervescent granulated salts, what would happen?

A

Produces a sticky material

59
Q

Effervescent granulated salts are prepared in (high/low) humidity and in _____ resistant, stainless steel vessels

A

low humidity + acid resistant

Pharmaceutics (30 decks)

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