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Pharmaceutics > Semisolids > Flashcards

Semisolids Flashcards

1
Q

Topical applications are used for ___ and/or ____ absorption

A

Local + systemic

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2
Q

What is the target tissue of topical products?

A

INTO the skin

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3
Q

What is the target tissue of transdermal products?

A

THROUGH the skin (skin is generally not the target)

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4
Q

What is percutaneous absorption?

A

Drug absorption thru UNBROKEN skin both into the skin and into circulation

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5
Q

Ointment bases are chosen and used for their _____ effects and as ______

A

physical + vehicles

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6
Q

What are the 4 USP groups ointment bases are classified as?

A
  1. Oleaginous base
  2. Absorption base
  3. Water-removable base
  4. Water-soluble base
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7
Q

What kind of effect does oleaginous base have?

A

Emollient/moisturizing

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8
Q

(T/F) Oleaginous bases are water miscible

A

False

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9
Q

(T/F) Water + aqueous preparations may be incorporated in oleaginous bases, but w/ difficulty

A

True

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10
Q

What is generally used as a levigating agent for oleaginous bases?

A

Mineral oil

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11
Q

What is the MP of petrolatum?

A

38-60 degrees (C or F?)

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12
Q

(T/F) Petrolatum are generally used alone as a ointment base

A

False, used alone or in combination w/ other ingredients

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13
Q

Which is more esthetically pleasing?

A. Petrolatum
B. White Petrolatum
C. Yellow Ointment

A

B. White Petrolatum

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14
Q

Where is White Petrolatum found in?

A

Skin creams, lotions, lip balms

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15
Q

Which has a higher viscosity compared to petrolatum alone?

A. White Petrolatum
B. Yellow Ointment

A

B. Yellow Ointment

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16
Q

Absorption bases contain _____, which the amount depends upon the base

A

water

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17
Q

What are the two “types” of absorption bases?

A
  1. Permits incorporation of aqueous sol. and forms (W/O) emulsions
  2. Those that are (W/O) emulsions and permits incorporation of additional aqueous sol.
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18
Q

Which is more occlusive, oleaginous or absorption base?

A

Oleaginous bases

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19
Q

Absorption bases are (easily/not easily) removed from skin w/ water due to oily external phase

A

not easily

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20
Q

Lanolin is purified wax-like substance obtained from ____ wool

A

sheep

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21
Q

Lanolin contains less than ___% water

A

0.25

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22
Q

Lanolin permits formulation of more (hydrophilic/lipophilic) drugs

A

hydrophilic

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23
Q

Water removable bases are also known as ____ emulsions

A

(O/W)

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24
Q

Water removable bases are commonly called ______

A

creams

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25
Q

Water removable bases are vehicles for solid, liquid or _______ drugs

A

non-hydrolyzable

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26
Q

Water removable bases have an external phase which is ______

A

aqueous

27
Q

Water soluble bases (do/do not) contain oleaginous components

A

do not

28
Q

Water soluble bases are mostly used for incorporation of _____ substances

A

solid

29
Q

PEG viscosity ____ w/ MW

A

increases

30
Q

What kind of bases would be the choice for rapid release of lipophilic drugs?

A

Water-soluble and water-removable bases

31
Q

What are the two methods of preparation of ointments?

A
  1. Incorporation (mortar/pestle electronic or not)

2. Fusion (melted and cooled)

32
Q

Ointments (solids)

If particle size needs to be reduced, this is done by ________

A

levigation

33
Q

Ointments (solids)

Materials are added to the base by ______ dilution

A

geometric

34
Q

What are added last according to the fusion method?

A

Heat sensitive or volatile materials

35
Q

What is typically not mixed well by incorporation and are prepared by fusion?

A

Beeswax, paraffin, strearyl OH, high molecular weight PEGs

36
Q

Topical applications are not required to be sterile except for _____

A

ophthalmic preparations

37
Q

Labeling of ointments (as per USP) includes….?

A
  1. Type of base used
  2. Storage conditions
  3. Administration
38
Q

What kind of agent is added to make gels?

A

Gelling agent

39
Q

What kind of gelling agents are there?

A
  1. Synthetic polymers
  2. Cellulose derivatives
  3. Natural gums
40
Q

In a single phase gel, macromolecules are _____ distributed throughout the liquid

A

uniformly

41
Q

In a two-phase gel, gel mass consisting of floccules are referred as _____

A

magma

42
Q

(T/F) Gels can be frozen

A

False

43
Q

(T/F) Gels are stored in tight containers to prevent water loss

A

True

44
Q

Gels are formed in three methods which are…?

A
  1. Dispersing molecule in continuous phase
  2. Change pH
  3. Reducing continuous phase
45
Q

Pastes contain a larger proportion of ____ than ointments

A

solids

46
Q

A portion of the base of a ______ may be used as a levigating agent

A

paste

47
Q

Plasters are applied to the skin for ______ contact

A

prolonged

48
Q

Glycerogelatins form a _____ ______ that may be protected by a dressing

A

pressure bandage

49
Q

Which semisolid can be used to treat varicose ulcers

A

Glycerogelatins (specifically Zinc gelatin)

50
Q

____-dose tubes may be prepared w/ a tear-a-way tip and normally do not require antimicrobial preservatives

A

single

51
Q

Stratum corneum is a _______ tissue

A

keratinized

52
Q

Stratum corneum is about ____mm thick

A

15

53
Q

Stratum corneum is composed of partially ____ cells

A

desiccated/dead

54
Q

Stratum corneum acts as a _______ membrane with drugs penetrating by passive diffusion

A

semipermeable

55
Q

What kind of drugs are good candidates for passive diffusion thru stratum corneum?

A

Drugs w/ both aqueous + lipid solubility

56
Q

When does a drug become available for systemic abosrption?

A

When it reaches vascularized dermis

57
Q

To allow drugs to penetrate the upper dermal layers, you can add ______ enhancers to topical vehicle

A

penetration

58
Q

(T/F) Oleaginous bases provide less occlusion and emollient effect than hydrophillic/water-washable bases

A

False; provide more occlusion

59
Q

(T/F) Paste offer about the same occlusion and effectiveness versus ointments at absorbing serous discharge

A

False; offer more occlusion

60
Q

Major route of drug absorption is via the ______

A

cornea

61
Q

Cornea is a ____ layer structure

A

3 (lipophilic epithelum, hydrophilic stomal layer, and a less lipophilic endothelum)

62
Q

(Lipophilic/Hydrophilic) drugs are more capable of crossing the layers of the cornea

A

Lipophilic

63
Q

When sterilizing ophthalmic RXs, steam sterilization or ethylene oxide are ineffective due to….?

A

inability to penetrate ointment base

64
Q

What’s wrong with using heat sterilization on ophthalmic bases?

A

Penetrates base, but may cause stability issues

Pharmaceutics (30 decks)

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