Sociologist Crime+deviance

Question 1

(Class, power, crime) Marxism - Snider

Answer 1

capitalist states are reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten their profitability.

Question 2

(Class, power, crime) Marxism - Pearce

Answer 2

laws give capitalism a ‘caring’ face, and creates a false consciousness among workers.

Question 3

(Class, power, crime) Neo Marxism - Taylor et al

Answer 3

criticise Marxists for economic determinism and instead see crimes as meaningful actions and a conscious choice by the actor.

Question 4

(Class, power, crime) Marxism - Reiman & Leighton

Answer 4

the more likely a crime is to be committed by high-class people, the less likely it is to be treated as an offence.

Question 5

(Class, power, crime) Marxism - Box

Answer 5

if a company cannot achieve its goal of maximising profit by legal means, it may employ illegal ones instead.

Question 6

(Class, power, crime) Marxism - Cicourel

Answer 6

argues the middle class are more able to negotiate non-criminal labels for their misbehaviour.

Question 7

(control+punishment) Mawby & Walklate

Answer 7

structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty place powerless groups such as women and the poor at greater risk of victimisation.

Question 8

(control+punishment) Tombs & Whyte

Answer 8

In the hierarchy of victimisation, the powerless are most likely to be victimised, yet least likely to have this acknowledged by the state.

Question 9

(control+punishment) Wilson & Kelling

Answer 9

used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighbourhoods.

Question 10

(control+punishment) michel foucault

Answer 10

modalities of power: sovereign = when authorities try to control other people. Disciplinary = govern the mind, soul and the body through surveillance and knowledge.

Question 11

(ethnicity+crime) LEA & YOUNG

Answer 11

Utilitarian crime is a response to material deprivation and non-utilitarian crime is due to frustration towards society.

Question 12

(ethnicity+crime) HALL ET AL

Answer 12

capitalism was in crisis and used a story that black people and mugging were causing moral panic in order to cover it up.

Question 13

(Functionalism+crime) Cohen

Answer 13

Working class boys formed their own delinquent subculture due to failing middle class culture

Question 14

(Functionalism+crime) Durkheim

Answer 14

When people are punished for committing crimes, it teaches the rest of society not to go against norms and values, in turn strengthening boundaries

Question 15

(Functionalism+crime) Merton

Answer 15

Conformism (accept goal+legitimate means) Innovation (accept goal+illegitimate means) Ritualism (reject goal+legitimate means) Retreatism (reject goal+reject means) Rebellion (replace goal+replace means)

Question 16

(gender+crime) Heidensohn

Answer 16

women have at least one male figure in their life who does not want them to commit crime.

Question 17

(gender+crime) Functionalism - Parsons

Answer 17

women are nurturing by nature, and therefore are incapable of and not wanting to commit crime.

Question 18

(gender+crime) Adler

Answer 18

women are now becoming much more equal in society with men, therefore they now commit more crime.

Question 19

(gender+crime) Carlen

Answer 19

women turn to crime if they’re not financially stable (class deal) and if they’re not a mother or wife (gender deal).

Question 20

(gender+crime) Messerschmidt

Answer 20

sees crime and deviance as a resource that different men may use to accomplish masculinity.

Question 21

(globalisation) Taylor

Answer 21

Gloabalisation has allowed transnational corporations to exploit low wage countries, producing job insecurity and unemployment, therefore causing crime to rise.

Question 22

(globalisation) Castells

Answer 22

As a result of globalisation, there is a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum

Question 23

(globalisation) Glenny

Answer 23

traces the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the soviet union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets.

Question 24

(Interactionism) Cicourel

Answer 24

police concentrate on types of people that are more likely to offend (e.g patrolling working class areas).

Question 25

(Interactionism) Braithwaite

Answer 25

Disintegrative shaming is punishment which isolates the individual and causes secondary deviance. Reintegrative shaming = Opposite

Question 26

(Interactionism) Douglas

Answer 26

Rejects the use of official statistics when examining suicide.

Question 27

(right realism crime) Hernstein & Wilson

Answer 27

people with traits such as aggression and low impulse control are at greater risk of offending, especially if their intelligence is low.

Question 28

(right realism crime) Clarke

Answer 28

the decision to commit a crime is based on a rational calculation of consequences. If perceived rewards outweigh costs, people are more likely to offend.

Question 29

(left realism) Lea & Young

Answer 29

deprived people resent others having more material goods than them, thus resorting to illegitimate means to achieve the same level of materials.

Question 30

(Media) Surette

Answer 30

Whatever the media show is the opposite of what is true.

Question 31

(Media) Cohen

Answer 31

the media amplified and exaggerated disturbances between working-class teenagers (mods and rockers) in the 1960s, producing a deviance amplification spiral.

Question 32

(Media) Cohen & Young

Answer 32

journalists and editors choose and exaggerate news stories in order to make them exciting

Question 33

(Media) Lea & Young

Answer 33

victims of relative deprivation and marginalisation feel left out from the medias assumption that everyone is living ‘the good life’.

Question 34

(Functionalism+crime) Cloward and Ohlin

Answer 34

3 subcultures: Criminal (organised crime recruit youth), conflict (youth create gangs), Retreatist (fail mainstream & gang culture and do crime to pay for drugs)