Crime+deviance terms

Question 1

Anomie

Answer 1

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group

Question 2

Control theory

Answer 2

people refrain from deviant behavior becuase of factors that control their impulses to break social norms

Question 3

Deterrence

Answer 3

Discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment

Question 4

Incarceration

Answer 4

protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prison

Question 5

Recidivism

Answer 5

the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend

Question 6

Rehabilitation

Answer 6

providing education and anger management courses to offenders so they no longer offend.

Question 7

Retribution

Answer 7

punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act.

Question 8

Lemert’s Primary deviance

Answer 8

refers to acts which have not been publicly labelled, and are thus of little consequence

Question 9

Lemert’s Secondary deviance

Answer 9

when someone is labelled as deviant they internalise their label, then subsequently act deviant

Question 10

Social sanctions

Answer 10

a social reaction of approval or disapproval in response to someone’s actions.

Question 11

stigmatization

Answer 11

the action of regarding someone as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval.

Question 12

strain theory

Answer 12

social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime.

Question 13

Victim discounting

Answer 13

Process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status

Question 14

White collar crime

Answer 14

Job related crimes committed by high status people

Question 15

Functionalist Perspective of Crime

Answer 15

crime is a natural part of society, and strain theory plays a huge role.

Question 16

Marxist Perspective of Crime

Answer 16

crime is the result of competition and social inequality, largely between the powerful, and those with less power or authority.

Question 17

Interactionist Perspective of Crime

Answer 17

crime happens primarily through influence. Strong social bonds make people conform to social norms and refrain from deviant behavior.

Question 18

Master Status

Answer 18

the individual’s deviant identity overrules all other identities.

Question 19

Folk devils

Answer 19

portrayed as outsiders and deviant, who are blamed for crimes or other sorts of social problems

Question 20

disintegrative shaming

Answer 20

Crime and the criminal are labelled as bad, and the offender is excluded from society

Question 21

reintegrative shaming

Answer 21

Labels the act, not the actor e.g. ‘has done a big thing’ rather than ‘is a bad person’

Question 22

Global risk consciousness

Answer 22

produces a new mentality of risk consciousness where risk is global rather than isolated.

Question 23

Collective consiousness (functionalism)

Answer 23

beliefs and sentiments are universal to people within a society

Question 24

criminogenic capitalism

Answer 24

the Capitalist system encourages criminal behaviour.

Question 25

Positivist Victimology

Answer 25

examines a range of factors that lead to the person becoming a victim of crime

Question 26

Critical victimology

Answer 26

focuses on structural factors that make individuals more likely to be a victim based upon their social position

Question 27

SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION

Answer 27

a pre-emptive approach, focussed on reducing opportunities to commit crime, rather than improving society or institutions.

Question 28

Green criminology

Answer 28

any action that harms the physical environment, and humans or non-human animals within it.

Question 29

Anthropocentric

Answer 29

the idea that humans have the right to use the world’s resources and dominate nature.

Question 30

ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING

Answer 30

Police should patrol the streets and take a ‘short, sharp, shock’ approach, carrying out and stopping suspicious characters.

Question 31

Invisibility of corporate crime

Answer 31

media (limited coverage) politicians (ignore corporate crime) law enforcers (limited staff, resources and expertise) and Under-reported

Question 32

utilitarian crime

Answer 32

crime that produces a financial reward (theft)

Question 33

non utilitarian crime

Answer 33

crimes that do no produce financial rewards (vandalism, loitering and joyriding)