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Question 1

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Answer 1

In 1517 he attacked the excesses of medieval religion in his 95 theses in Wittenberg, wherby seeking a simpler and more direct form of religion, based on scripture and personal faith.

Question 2

Martin Luthers opinion

Answer 2

Luther considered the doctrine of sola fide to be so important that to ignore is to literally be preaching a false gospel

Question 3

Sola fide

Answer 3

asserts God’s pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith alone, excluding all “works,”

Question 4

Catholics vs Protestants

Answer 4

Many Catholics accused Protestants of preaching an antinomian gospel that minimised the importance of following Jesus’ life. Protestants disagreed in the Catholic belief that one could work one’s way to heaven without the necessity of God’s grace.

Question 5

Predestination - Paul 8:28-30:

Answer 5

‘We know that in everything God works for good with those who love him, who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son.’

In this passage, Paul is suggesting that God predestined some people to be conformed to the image of his Son’, that is, to lead Christ-like lives

Question 6

SOW - Catholic views

Answer 6

The Bible = inspired by God-written by humans.

Apostolic Succession = continuing line of bisops teaching Gospel

Question 7

SOW - Neo-orthodox views (Barth)

Answer 7

rejected the conservative belief in biblical inerrancy because of historical and scientific errors as well as contradictions.

Question 8

Liberalism - The Social Gospel Movement

Answer 8

founded by Protestant intellectuals prominently during the twentieth century, where the idea was to use Christian ethical principles to address social issues ranging from poverty and crime to racism and war.

Question 9

Liberalism - Process Theology

Answer 9

God is not the Creator, God is not all-powerful, God does not intervene in the world, The Bible is an entirely human document.

Question 10

religious diversity - Migration

Answer 10

issues of religious diversity became more immediate in the twentieth century, following immigration and the development of a multi-racial/cultural society

Question 11

religious diversity - Migration facts

Answer 11

Following Indian independence in 1947, increasing numbers of Indians and Pakistanis entered the UK, peaking in 1972 when they were expelled from Idi Amin’s Uganda.

Question 12

Other religions - Migration facts #2

Answer 12

1950s = British government encouraged immigration from the Caribbean region and from Hong Kong because of labour shortages in the UK. 1980s = many people fled the civil war in Somalia and settled in the UK,

Question 13

Diversity of faiths in Britain

Answer 13

As of 2011: Christianity 59.3%, No religion 25.1%, Islam 4.8%, Hinduism 1.5%, Sikhism 0.8%, Judaism 0.5%, Buddhism 0.4%

Question 14

United nations article 18

Answer 14

‘Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others’

Question 15

Descartes’ argument:

Answer 15

1. I understand myself as a thinking, non-extended thing 2. I understand my body as a non-thinking, extended thing. 3. Therefore, I can clearly conceive of my mind as existing independently of, and separate from my body.

Question 16

Arnauld triangle response quote

Answer 16

“He is just as certain that the triangle has one right angle as I am certain that I exist because I am thinking.”

Question 17

Arnauld’s triangle response

Answer 17

a person who is certain that the angle in a triangle is a right angle, but is not certain that the squares of the sides are equal to the square of the hypotenuse

Question 18

Glorify God

Answer 18

Humans are made in God’s image, so their purpose is to reflect God’s glory in their lives and actions.

Question 19

Christian view of genetic engineering

Answer 19

An attempt to manipulate a life contradicts Gods vision. Other Christians point to science and reason as God-given abilities.

Question 20

Human Genome Project

Answer 20

isolating the genes responsible for conditions such as cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome.

Question 21

Catholic view of genetically modified animals

Answer 21

Some argue that in terms of natural moral law, altering animals does not allow them to fulfil their final end;

Question 22

Catholic view of genetic engineering

Answer 22

Approve research for cures to diseases-therapeutic GE
Hesitant on research that alters germ cells
Reject transhuman because humanity will no longer be in God’s image.

Question 23

Protestant view of therapeutic genetic engineering

Answer 23

Similar to Catholic but more accepting to procedures that alter humanity

Question 24

Christianity - Marriage history:

Answer 24

Celibacy developed in the Middle Ages, marriage became seen as a second-best option.
Protestant changed marriage from sacrament to legal union.
Contemporary = meaningless as divorce rates increase and the legalisation of same sex marriage.

Question 25

Strong Sanctity of Life Principle - embryo

Answer 25

experimentation on human embryos at any time before or after day 14 therefore breaks the commandment against murder.

Question 26

Strong Sanctity of Life Principle - Job 31:15:

Answer 26

‘Did not he who made me in the womb make him? And did not one fashion us in the womb?’

Question 27

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Answer 27

Commands you must follow, regardless of your desires. Moral obligations are derived from pure reason.