Socialization

Question 1

bystander effect

Answer 1

influence of being a part of a large group that makes an individual less likely to take action in a situation

Question 2

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 2

an effect of being part of a group that makes a person less likely to get personally involved or take action, because they assume someone else will act or has already acted

Question 3

Kitty Genovese case

Answer 3

a woman who was murdered in Queens, NY with 38 witnesses, none of whom called the police or stepped in
exemplifies the bystander effect

Question 4

deindividuation

Answer 4

effect of belonging to a group that results in the loss of an individual’s self-awareness or identity
helps explain how seemingly normal, moral people can commit violent acts in a group, such as rioting or wartime actions

Question 5

social facilitation

Answer 5

idea that the presence of a group and the arousal that it causes improves performance
happens when the most dominant, practiced response is a positive, desired behavior

Question 6

social loafing

Answer 6

tendency of an individual within a group to put less effort into a task if there is no evaluation of individual performance
can be reduced by giving a role to each individual or by making the task more challenging

Question 7

socialization

Answer 7

lifelong process of learning how to interact with others and how to behave within social norms

Question 8

agents of socialization

Answer 8

people, groups, or institutions that help a person learn about social norms or how to interact with others
eg hidden curriculum, peer pressure, mass media

Question 9

hidden curriculum

Answer 9

values, norms, and beliefs that are learned in schools not through formal communication, but rather through the nature of the learning environment and subtle suggestions by teachers

Question 10

peer pressure

Answer 10

influences on behavior that are caused by the actions and beliefs of one’s friends

Question 11

mass media

Answer 11

an agent of socialization that encompasses the information conveyed through television, news, internet, radio, books, and magazines

Question 12

norms

Answer 12

standards for acceptable behavior in a certain situation or around certain people
often unwritten and unstated, but based on the internalized moral guidelines of the group

Question 13

folkways

Answer 13

most informal type of norm that includes commonplace, courteous behaviors that have no severe or consistent consequences
eg holding a door for someone or saying bless you

Question 14

mores

Answer 14

type of norm that is based on moral standards and typically elicits a reaction, but no formal consequences, when they are violated
eg truthfulness and religious prohibitions

Question 15

laws

Answer 15

type of norm that is based on moral standards and has formal, stated consequences and punishments for violations
eg petty crime and loan sharking

Question 16

taboos

Answer 16

type of norm that controls a prohibited behavior and can often be punished by law, and always causes a large reaction or outrage when broken
eg incest and cannibalism

Question 17

deviance

Answer 17

violation of a social norm

dependent on context and can differ based on the groups or societies involved

Question 18

symbolic interactionist perspective

Answer 18

theory that focuses on the idea that society is a product of the social interactions of individuals
in this theory
deviance is behavior that is different than normal everyday interactions in that given society

Question 19

theory of differential association

Answer 19

idea that deviance is a learned behavior that comes from interactions with others who violate norms
part of the symbolic interactionist perspective

Question 20

labeling theory

Answer 20

idea that deviance occurs when a pre-existing behavior is deemed as deviant or as a violation of norms
part of the symbolic interactionist perspective

Question 21

primary deviance

Answer 21

a behavior that violates social norms, but results in very mild reactions from society and does not affect a person’s self esteem

Question 22

secondary deviance

Answer 22

behavior that violates societal norms, resulting in serious consequences in society, including a stigmatizing label

Question 23

strain theory

Answer 23

idea that individuals turn to deviance due to frustration in their inability to reach a socially acceptable goal through conventional, approved-of means

Question 24

collective behavior

Answer 24

deviant actions displayed by a large number of individuals, often driven by deindividualization
involves a non-exclusive group of people that only interact for a limited time and do not have strong, established norms

Question 25

fads

Answer 25

type of collective behavior that becomes very popular in a large group of people for a small, transient amount of time

Question 26

mass hysteria

Answer 26

type of collective behavior characterized by delusions and anxiety regarding these delusions experienced by a large group of people at one time
often caused by exaggerated news

Question 27

mass psychogenic hysteria (epidemic hysteria)

Answer 27

collective behavior characterized by a large group of people believing that they are experiencing the same symptoms or disease, despite the lack of disease

Question 28

riots

Answer 28

type of collective behavior characterized by a large group of people engaging ind deviant or violent behavior that goes against social norms
often results in large amounts of property damage, theft, or other violations of laws

Question 29

group behavior

Answer 29

actions of many individuals that spend a prolonged period of time together that fit in their established set of norms

Question 30

social cognitive theory

Answer 30

idea that the environment, cognitions, and behaviors all contribute to an individual’s learning
emphasizes the role of interactions with peers in learning

Question 31

reciprocal determinism

Answer 31

theory that explains the way in which behaviors, cognitions, and the environment can all causally influence each other
originally proposed by Albert Bandura

Question 32

observational learning

Answer 32

way in which watching behaviors performed by others can cause replication of these behaviors in the watchers

Question 33

locus of control

Answer 33

amount of influence a person believes they personally have vs the environment has over their behavior and the outcomes of those behaviors

Question 34

internal locus of control

Answer 34

belief that a person can control their own behaviors and outcomes
individuals with this belief often do better in school and have lower rates of depression

Question 35

external locus of control

Answer 35

belief that a person’s behaviors or outcomes are largely influenced by the environment, rather than internal influence
eg believing outcomes are due to unfair conditions/luck

Question 36

learned helplessness

Answer 36

lost ability to identify stressors and pursue coping mechanisms due to repeated inability to cope with stressors outside an individual’s control

Question 37

tyranny of choice

Answer 37

idea that having excessive options will significantly stress an individual, which often results in dissatisfaction

Question 38

information overload

Answer 38

the difficulty in making a decision or fully understanding an issue when too much data is provided

Question 39

decision paralysis

Answer 39

inability to make a choice that can be caused by an information overload

Question 40

self control

Answer 40

ability to push off instant gratification for the pursuit of long term goals
people with more of this quality tend to do better in school, have better social skills, use less drugs, and have better overall self-management

Question 41

the marshmallow test

Answer 41

an experiment that places a single marshmallow in front of a preschool child, allowing them to eat it or wait 15 minutes for the reward of getting to eat double the amount of marshmallows
tests self control and delay of gratification

Question 42

ego depletion

Answer 42

theory that every person has a limited amount of self control, and using it in one scenario results in having less self control in the future

Question 43

operant conditioning

Answer 43

learning mechanism that uses rewards and punishments to make behavior more or less likely to occur again
this can be used to reduce the need for self control

Question 44

classical conditioning

Answer 44

learning mechanism that pairs two stimuli to produce an involuntary response to a previously neutral stimulus
can be used to reduce the need for self control

Question 45

deprivation

Answer 45

removing the object of temptation in an attempt to reduce the desire for that object
often causes a stronger desire for the object