Needs, Motivation, and Attitude

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

process that determines actions and explains why actions aimed at goals are initiated and maintained

Question 2

evolutionary view of motivation

Answer 2

idea that instincts and the innate will to survive are what drive people’s actions

Question 3

instincct

Answer 3

innate pattern of behavior that helps in survival

Question 4

drive reduction theory of motivation

Answer 4

idea that actions are determined by needs and the desire to lessen these needs and maintain homeostasis

Question 5

drive reduction theory of motivation

Answer 5

idea that actions are determined by needs and the desire to lessen these needs and maintain homeostasis

Question 6

drives

Answer 6

desire to return to and maintain equilibrium after homeostasis is disturbed

Question 7

optimal arousal theory of motivation

Answer 7

idea that actions are completed in order to create a state of arousal and alertness at which an individual can perform their best
it is possible to be not aroused enough or too aroused

Question 8

cognitive approach to motivation

Answer 8

idea that actions are determined by mental processes, rational thinking, and decision making

Question 9

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

theory that motivation is determined by being compelled to do more basic survival functions first, and as these are achieved, more complex tasks can be the goal

Question 10

physiological needs

Answer 10

first, most basic level of need in Maslow’s hierarchy

need for things that allow us to survive, such as food, water, sleep, and breathing

Question 11

safety needs

Answer 11

aka safety and security needs
second most basic set of needs
includes need for health, property, financial and personal security

Question 12

social needs

Answer 12

aka love and belonging needs
third set of needs
describes need for belonging, love, and relatedness

Question 13

respect needs

Answer 13

aka self esteem needs
fourth set of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that describes the need to feel accomplished, have the respect of others, have self-esteem and confidence in oneself

Question 14

self-actualization

Answer 14

last need of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that can only be fulfilled once all the other needs are met
rarely achieved
this is when a person reaches their full potential and accomplishes everything they are capable of

Question 15

incentive theory

Answer 15

idea that rewards selectively give a positive meaning to certain behaviors, making an individual more likely to perform those behaviors again

Question 16

reward

Answer 16

reinforcer that, if obtained after a behavior, makes the behavior more likely to occur again

Question 17

positive reinforcement

Answer 17

favorable stimulus added after a behavior that makes the behavior more likely to occur again
this is what the incentive theory is focused around

Question 18

negative reinforcement

Answer 18

removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior that makes the behavior more likely to occur again

Question 19

biological factors of motivation for food

Answer 19

fluctuations in hormones that drive eating behavior

hypothalamus and secretion of leptin play a role in this

Question 20

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 20

portion of the brain’s center for hormone control that is involved in the positive feedback loop that signals hunger

Question 21

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 21

portion of the brain’s center for hormone control that is involved in the positive feedback loop that signals fullness or satiation

Question 22

leptin

Answer 22

hormone that suppresses hunger

Question 23

insulin

Answer 23

hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when blood glucose levels are high to promote glucose absorption and storage
brain can detect the levels of this hormone to sense the amount of sugar in the blood

Question 24

metabolism

Answer 24

sum of the catabolic and anabolic processes in the body to control nutrient (especially glucose) levels circulating
catabolism is slowed during times of starvation

Question 25

sociocultural factors of motivation for food

Answer 25

influences on behavior that come from the environment and affect eating habits
eg the reason people choose to eat certain foods rather than odds based on occasion, time, availability of certain food

Question 26

biological factors that affect sexual behaviors

Answer 26

physiological changes and functions that cause a sex drive
begins with a period of excitement (elevated blood pressure, heart rate), then a plateau of elevated excitement, a peak of excitement (orgasm) and finally a decline in excitement

Question 27

testosterone

Answer 27

sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics
levels in both males and females contribute to sex drive

Question 28

sociocultural factors that affect sexual behaviors

Answer 28

way in which environmental influences determine sex drive

age, cultural acceptance, emotions, psychological influences

Question 29

biological factors that affect drug use

Answer 29

physiological difference that can make a person more likely to abuse substances
genetic predisposition, withdrawal symptoms, and biochemical imbalances in the brain

Question 30

limbic system

Answer 30

network in the brain situated on top of the brain stem
heavily involved in the processing of emotions, behavior, and long-term memory
drugs that affect this region can cause positive emotions and euphoria that contribute to addiction

Question 31

dopamine

Answer 31

neurotransmitter used in the reward pathway

levels are often affected by addictive drugs, and its release causes a state of euphoria associated with certain drugs

Question 32

sociocultural factors that affect drug use

Answer 32

way in which the environment plays a role in the start or continued use of drugs
some examples include person’s curiosity, desire to rebel, peer pressure, stress, self-esteem issues, society’ views, low socioeconomic status

Question 33

attitude

Answer 33

learned tendency in evaluating certain people, places, ideas or events based on a set of emotions, behaviors and beliefs

Question 34

affective (emotional) component of attitudes

Answer 34

feelings toward a specific person, place, idea, or event that affect the evaluation of that item

Question 35

behavioral component of attitudes

Answer 35

the way a person acts around a specific person, place, or situation that affects the evaluation of that item

Question 36

cognitive component of behavior

Answer 36

beliefs or knowledge a person holds surrounding a particular person, place, or event that affects the evaluation of that item

Question 37

theory of planned behavior

Answer 37

the idea that actions are the result of the evaluation of the implications of an action and the intentions behind the actions
intentions are determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

Question 38

subjective norms

Answer 38

perception of judgments by peers or family members (similar to social pressure) that affect the intentions of behaviors

Question 39

perceived behavioral control

Answer 39

amount a person believes they are capable of determining the outcome of a behavior

Question 40

attitude to behavior process model

Answer 40

theory that an event directly causes the beliefs, actions, and emotions about that event
evaluation of the event, along with prior knowledge, then determine the action chosen

Question 41

prototype willingness model

Answer 41

theory that behavior is the result of six factors: previous behavior, attitudes towards the behavior, subjective norms, intentions, desire to engage, and influence of models

Question 42

elaboration likelihood model for persuasion

Answer 42

cognitive approach to explaining the influence of attitude on behavior that states that there are two methods of processing information: the central and peripheral routes

Question 43

central route (elaboration likelihood model)

Answer 43

persuasion that occurs after careful consideration of strong arguments
higher quality argument leads to more of an attitude change via this method of processing information

Question 44

peripheral route (elaboration likelihood model)

Answer 44

persuasion that occurs based on the superficial, non-merit-based judgement of an argument
attractiveness and status play a role in this method of processing information rather than logic

Question 45

message characteristics

Answer 45

features of the persuading argument itself

these features include the logic, flow of argument, and quality of writing

Question 46

source characteristics

Answer 46

features of the speaker of an argument that influence how it is perceived
venue, background, and way in which the speaker collected information can contribute to this

Question 47

target characteristics

Answer 47

features of the person receiving the argument that influence how it is perceived
these features include the person’s self esteem, alertness, and intelligence

Question 48

foot in the door phenomenon

Answer 48

idea that a person will be compliant in increasingly larger requests once they agree to the first, small request
one way in which a behavior can affect attitude

Question 49

door in the face phenomenon

Answer 49

idea that a person will be compliant with a smaller, more reasonable request after already being asked to do a larger task
one way in which a behavior can affect attitude

Question 50

role playing

Answer 50

the way in which a person acts as if they are fit for a new position that eventually turns into them actually being fit for that position
behavior can affect attitude!