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MCAT Psych/Soc > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

information processing model

A

conceptual theory of the events that occur in the brain between taking in a sensory stimulus to making a long term memory
helps explain encoding, retrieval, and learning

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2
Q

sensory memory (sensory register)

A

short term storing of information taken in from the environment
includes iconic and echoic memory

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3
Q

iconic memory

A

short-term storage of information that is seen that lasts about half a second

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4
Q

echoic memory

A

short-term storage information that is heard that lasts about 3-4 seconds

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5
Q

working memory (short-term memory)

A

storage of about 5-9 pieces of information that are being processed in a given moment

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6
Q

visuospatial sketch pad

A

part of working memory that maintains visual information for manipulation
used for navigation and processing images

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7
Q

phonological loop

A

part of working memory involved in the processing of words and numbers

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8
Q

central executive (information processing model)

A

part of working memory that processes all information that is taken in and sends it to either the visuospatial loop or the phonological loop

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9
Q

episodic buffer

A

the part of working memory that combines and integrates the information from the visuospatial sketch pad and the phonological loop

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10
Q

long-term memory

A

unlimited storage of information that is retained for more than a few minutes

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11
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

long-term storage of information that can be consciously recalled, like knowing what you ate for dinner last night or remembering the meaning of a word

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12
Q

semantic memory

A

type of explicit memory that includes all knowledge not acquired through life events
stores general facts, word meanings, etc.

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13
Q

episodic memory

A

type of explicit memory that includes information on personal events and things that were experienced
ability to make this type of memory decreases over time

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14
Q

implicit (non-declarative memory)

A

long-term storage of information that cannot be consciously recalled, but can affect behavior or thoughts

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15
Q

procedural memory

A

type of implicit memory that includes information on completing tasks or performing behaviors

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16
Q

priming

A

the effect that a previously presented stimulus has on perception and response to another through subconscious guidance

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17
Q

encoding

A

the process of creating long-term memories from working memory

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18
Q

rote rehearsal

A

relatively ineffective encoding strategy that involves repeating the information over and over to memorize it

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19
Q

chunking

A

an encoding strategy that involves grouping items into familiar categories in order to better remember them

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20
Q

mnemonic devices

A

encoding strategies that involve linking the new information to information that has already been learned

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21
Q

imagery mnemonic

A

creating a visualization of the thing you are trying to remember

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22
Q

pegword mnemonic

A

way of remembering sequential information by linking the new information to a word that rhymes with or sounds like its number in the list
eg “bun” rhymes with one

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23
Q

method of loci mnemonic

A

a way of remembering sequential information by linking the new information to locations along a familiar route

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24
Q

acronym mnemonic

A

using each letter of a word to stand for a piece of new information

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25
Q

self referencing

A

encoding strategy that involves linking new information to yourself in some way

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26
Q

preparing to teach method of encoding

A

involves learning the new information in a way that could be explained to others
requires organizing and understanding the information

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27
Q

spacing

A

encoding strategy that involves spreading out study time to better remember information

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28
Q

retrieval

A

process of recalling information that has been stored in long-term memory

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29
Q

retrieval cues

A

stimuli that help with the accurate recall of information

30
Q

context cues

A

stimuli in the environment where information is learned that can cause more accurate retrieval of the information

31
Q

context dependent memory

A

memory that is recalled better when the environment of recall matches the environment of encoding

32
Q

state dependent memory

A

memory that is recalled better when recalled while in a similar mood or set of internal conditions as were present during encoding

33
Q

free recall

A

a memory task involves presenting a list of items, waiting some amount of time, and seeing what items can be remembered

34
Q

primacy effect

A

fact that recall of the first few items in a list is often more accurate than for items in the middle

35
Q

recency effect

A

recall of the last few items in a list is often more accurate than for items in the middle

36
Q

serial position curve

A

graph that displays the probability of remembering items in a list based on their order in the list
higher for items at the beginning and end and low for items in the middle

37
Q

serial position effect

A

probability of remembering items at beginning or end of a list is higher than in the middle

38
Q

cued recall

A

memory task that involves presenting a list of items, waiting some amount of time, and seeing what items can be remembered when a hint such as the first few letters of a word or initials is given

39
Q

recognition test

A

memory task that involves presenting a list of items, waiting some amount of time, and seeing if the participant can identify a previously said word from another list

40
Q

reconstructive memory

A

idea that each time information is retrieved it is modified slightly due to mood, imagination, or beliefs

41
Q

source monitoring error

A

memory mistake that results from difficulty separating where information came from
may entail believing you saw something you only heard about

42
Q

flashbulb memory

A

highly emotional, vivid memory of an event

positively and negatively valenced memories

43
Q

long-term potentiation

A

increase in synapse strength after repeated stimulation

method by which learning is thought to occur

44
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

ability of neuronal connections to change in number or strength

45
Q

synapse

A

gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters flow from one neuron to another

46
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that has its axon terminal immediately prior to the synapse

47
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical signals released from a neuron when it is stimulated

48
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that is found immediately after the synapse

takes in and responds to neurotransmitters released in the synapse

49
Q

neuron potential

A

difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the neuron

50
Q

synapse strength

A

level of change to the postysnaptic potential that occurs after presynaptic stimulation and neurotransmitter release

51
Q

memory decay

A

the ability to recall information decreases over time

52
Q

rate of forgetting

A

speed at which memory decays

differs little between people but can be influenced by sleep, stress, and psychological factors

53
Q

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

A

graph that tracks memory over time

usually has a drastic drop in accuracy over the first few days, and then flattens out over time

54
Q

relearning

A

second time memorizing a list that takes less time to learn with equal accuracy

55
Q

savings (memory)

A

small bit of information that is maintained even if the memory cannot be retrieved
it is what makes relearning occur faster

56
Q

retroactive interference

A

acquisition of new information that impairs the ability to recall previously learned information

57
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned information that impairs the ability to learn and recall new information

58
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

accumulation of knowledge through experience and the ability to use this knowledge
increases with age

59
Q

emotional reasoning

A

ability to make sense of emotionally charged problems

increases with age

60
Q

divided attention

A

concentration on multiple stimuli at one time

the ability to do this decreases with age

61
Q

processing speed

A

rate at which mental tasks can be completed

decreases with age

62
Q

dementia

A

disorder characterized by damage to brain tissue that causes excessive forgetting that interferes with a person’s life

63
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

condition characterized by the buildup of amyloid plaques and neuronal death
symptoms include memory loss, inability to encode new memories, attention difficulties, and impaired language abilities

64
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

type of dementia caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1), which is often linked to alcoholism, eating disorders or malnutrition
symptoms include severe memory loss and confabulation

65
Q

confabulation

A

making up stories or distorting stories without the intention of manipulation or deception
common symptom of Korsakoff’s Syndrome

66
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

reversible precursor to Korsakoff’s Syndrome with symptoms including poor balance, mild confusion, and memory loss

67
Q

semantic networks

A

a representation of the organization of knowledge in the brain based on relatedness of concepts
can be modeled by showing each idea as a node and the distance and connections between the nodes represent how closely related the ideas are

68
Q

hierarchical semantic network

A

representation of how knowledge is stored in the brain based on the idea that pieces of information are organized in the brain starting with broad categories and progressively get more specific

69
Q

modified semantic network

A

representation of how knowledge is stored in the brain based on the idea that pieces of information are not stored hierarchically but rather in a way that makes sense based on the person’s individual experiences and knowledge

70
Q

principle of cognitive economy

A

idea that the brain stores information in effective, simple schemes

71
Q

spreading activation

A

process by which recalling one piece of information makes other related concepts more accessible for retrieval

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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