Mental Disorders Part I Flashcards
mental disorder
condition that affects thought patterns, moods, or behaviors and leads to distress or impaired functioning
biomedical approach to mental disorders
way of studying and treating conditions of the mind that focuses on physical abnormalities and causes
biopsychosocial approach to medical disorders
way of studying and treating conditions of the mind that examines physical, physiological, and social/cultural factors
IDC-10
International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision
system of classifying and describing mental disorders produced by the World Health Organization
DSM 5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition
method of classifying and describing mental disorders produced by the American Psychiatric Association
started differentiating between disorders based on neurobiological causes rather than just symptoms
top level category
largest classifications in the DSM 5, based on shared clinical symptoms and neurobiological causes
neurodevelopmental disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that result from an abnormally developed nervous system
usually present from birth
eg intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit disorders
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
top level category in the dsm 5
mental disorders characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms
schizophrenia
mental disorder caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors as well as high levels of dopamine
characterized by delusions, hallucinations, isolations, and flat affect
delusion
fixed belief that cannot be changed through logic and cannot be reasonably explained
hallucinations
imagined sensations or perceptions that seem real but occur without the appropriate expected stimuli for the perception
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
effects of psychosis that result in abnormal thought patterns
examples include disorganized thinking, inability to plan, or memory dysfunction
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
effects of psychosis that result in a decrease from normal function or mood
examples include anhedonia or lack of motivation
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
effects of psychosis that result in increased sensation
hallucinations and delusions are examples
prodrome
period of time before the onset of schizophrenia when some symptoms such as delusions, paranoia, or abnormal behaviors are present
biological basis of schizophrenia
abnormalities in the brains of people with schizophrenia including larger ventricles, reduced amount of brain tissue, thinner cortex (especially in the frontal and temporal lobes), abnormal layering in the cortex, and elevated dopamine levels
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
part of the brain where dopamine is synthesized and sent to other parts of the brain as part of the reward pathway (mesocorticolimbic pathway)
abnormalities in this area of the brain have been linked to schizophrenia and depression
bipolar and related disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by abnormal and fluctuating moods
bipolar disorder
mental illness that is characterized by abnormal, extreme moods and fluctuation of mood
bipolar 1 disorder
mental illness characterized by periods of full manic states and depressive states
bipolar 2 disorder
mental illness that is characterized drastic fluctuations of mood, but without entering a full manic state
mania
period of abnormally elevated mood and affect, often marked by delusions, poor judgment, and difficulty maintaining attention
hypomania
period of abnormally elevated mood and affect that does not significantly impair function
this is not severe or threatening to the person’s safety
depressive disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that negatively affect mood and cause a decreased ability to feel pleasure
mood
relatively long-lasting emotional state, usually characterized by one dominant emotion
affect
the way in which a mood or emotional state is displayed to others
depression
pervasive disorder characterized by long-term low mood, lack of energy, decreased focus, thoughts of helplessness and low self-esteem
sleep and weight are commonly affected
biological factors of depression
set of innate factors that can contribute to the onset of depression, including a genetic predisposition, decreased neuronal activity in the reward system and prefrontal cortex, lowered levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, and increased levels of stress hormones
5HTTLP
gene associated with depression
but only appears to be correlated with depression if the people with this gene are in stressful environments
limbic system
network in the brain situated on top of the brain stem
heavily involved in the processing of emotions, behavior, and long-term memory
abnormally high levels of activity in this area of the brain have been linked to depression
raphe nuclei
grouping of cell bodies in the brainstem that produce serotonin and send projections to many parts of the cerebrum
abnormalities of this area of the brainstem have been linked to depression
locus coeruleus
grouping of cell bodies in the brainstem that produce norepinephrine and send projections to many parts of the cerebrum
abnormalities of this area of the brainstem have been linked to depression
neuroplasticity
ability of neuronal connections to change in number or strength over time based on their usage
abnormalities in this function might be linked to depression
abnormalities in these might be linked to depression
limbic system
raphe nuclei
locus coeruleus
neuroplasticity
psychological factors of depression
ways of thinking that may contribute to depression
includes learned helplessness, ruminating on negative thoughts, and pessimistic attributional style
learned helplessness
lost ability to identify stressors and pursue coping mechanisms, due to repeated inability to cope with stressors adequately
pessimistic attributional style
way of explaining events that occur in the most negative way possible
this method looks at negative events as internally caused, stable, and global, and looks at positive events in the opposite manner
sociocultural factors of depression
ways in which the environment plays a role in depression
these explain why someone is more likely to be depressed if those around them are depressed, if they are of low socioeconomic status, or if they are socially isolated
co-rumination
repeated discussion of, or fixation on, negative events between peers
this behavior may explain the increased likelihood of depression in people around depressed people
anxiety disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by excessive worrying or fear
eg phobias and generalized anxiety disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
mental disorder that causes a constant state of excessive worrying or tenseness that lasts for six months or more
affects women more than men
panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, relatively short periods of intense fear that are associated with shortness of breath and increased blood pressure
phobias
type of anxiety disorder characterized by irrational, excessive fear of a specific object or situation
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by irrational, excessive fear of a specific object or situation
obsessions
repeated, unwanted thoughts
compulsions
actions that a person feels they must complete over and over, often related to an obsession
trauma and stressor related disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that result from mentally distressing experiences
eg PTSD
post traumatic stress disorder
mental disorder caused by a distressing experience that has a lingering memory, affecting daily life
recurring nightmares, insomnia, or haunting memories are common
dissociative disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by loss of memory or knowledge of identity
somatic symptom disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders characterized by a person experiencing one or more physical ailments that may not have a clear biological cause
feeding and eating disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by a maladaptive relationship with food
eg anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
elimination disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by an inability to control urination or the elimination of feces
sleep-wake disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by altered circadian rhythm and sleep patterns
eg insomnia, apneas, and sleep walking
sexual dysfunctions
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by abnormalities or inabilities in performing sexual acts
gender dysphoria
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by distress caused by the feeling that the wrong gender was assigned at birth
disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by excessive anger or aggression
substance use and addictive disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are the result of drug use
neurocognitive disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders characterized by degeneration of the brain
eg dementia or delirium
personality disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that are characterized by rigid, maladaptive patterns of behavior
three clusters of disorders in this group
paraphilic disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders characterized by distress due to sexual arousal in abnormal contexts
other disorders
top level category in the DSM 5
mental disorders that don’t fit in any other category
20 top level categories in the DSM 5
neurodevelopmental disorders schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders bipolar and related disorders depressive disorders anxiety disorders OCD and related disorders trauma and stressor related disorders dissociative disorders somatic symptom disorders feeding and eating disorders elimination disorders sleep-wake disorders sexual dysfunctions gender dysphoria disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders substance use and addictive disorders neurocognitive disorders personality disorders paraphilic disorders other disorders
