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MCAT Psych/Soc > Sensation > Flashcards

Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

depth perception

A

one’s cognitive understanding of how close or distant objects (or parts of objects) are located

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2
Q

form perception

A

one’s cognitive understanding of an object’s visible shape and configuration

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3
Q

motion perception

A

one’s cognitive understanding of an object’s speed and direction

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4
Q

constancy perception

A

one’s cognitive understanding that despite variable views of an object, it is still the same object with the same intrinsic characteristics

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5
Q

visual cues

A

perceptual strategies used by our brains to perceive optic information
includes binocular and monocular cues

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6
Q

binocular cues

A

visual cues that rely on visual information from both eyes

includes retinal disparity and convergence

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7
Q

retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue based on the idea that each eye provides a slightly different view of an object and comparing these two views aids our brain with depth perception

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8
Q

convergence

A

a binocular cue based on the idea that our eyes turn inward to a greater degree when looking at objects up close, and our brains consider the degree of inward turning to enhance their depth perception

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9
Q

monocular cues

A

visual cues that rely on information from a single eye
includes relative size, interposition, relative height, shading and contour, motion parallax (relative motion), size/shape/color constancy

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10
Q

relative size

A

a monocular cue based on the idea that when object A is visually smaller than object B, object A is perceived to be smaller (form perception) and farther away (depth perception)

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11
Q

interposition

A

a monocular cue based on the idea that when object A is obstructing one’s view of object B, object A is perceived to be farther away (depth perception)

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12
Q

relative height

A

a monocular cue based on the idea that when object A is visually shorter or higher up in the visual field than object B, object A is perceived to be farther away (depth perception)

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13
Q

shading and contour

A

a monocular cue in which shadows and outlines are used by the brain to enhance depth perception

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14
Q

motion parallax (relative motion)

A

a monocular cue in which fast-moving objects are perceived as being close and slow-moving objects are perceived as being distant (depth perception)

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15
Q

size constancy

A

a monocular cue in which the brain perceives an object as having a constant largeness despite one view of it being visually larger than another view (constancy perception)

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16
Q

shape constancy

A

a monocular cue in which the brain perceives an object as having a constant form despite one view of it being visually different than another view (constancy perception)

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17
Q

color constancy

A

a monocular cue in which the brain perceives an object as having a constant coloration despite one view of it being visually different than another view (constancy perception)

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18
Q

sensory adaption

A

the process by which receptors become less sensitive to a constant stimuli over time

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19
Q

auditory sensory adaptation

A

hearing becomes less sensitive over time due to contraction of the inner ear muscle

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20
Q

tactile sensory adaptation

A

touch sensing nerves become saturated and less sensitive with constant stimuli

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21
Q

olfactory sensory adaptation

A

desensitization to smell when exposed to the same smell for an extended period of time

22
Q

sight sensory adaptation

A

process of up or downregulation of sensitivity in order to adjust to the amount of ambient light

23
Q

Weber’s Law

A

states that there is a linear relationship between the background intensity and the threshold of the just noticeable difference
deltaI/I=k

24
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the smallest change in stimuli that can be sensed

related to intensity through Weber’s Law

25
Q

Weber’s Law equation

A

deltaI/I=k, where I is the original intensity of the stimulus, deltaI is the smallest just noticeable difference, and k shows that this ratio equals some constant

26
Q

absolute threshold of sensation

A

the lowest amount of stimulation that can still be detected more than 50% of the time

27
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

stimuli that are perceived less than 50% of the time (below the absolute threshold of sensation)

28
Q

vestibular system

A

apparatus that helps with balance and positioning, relies heavily on the inner ear

29
Q

cochlea

A

part of the inner ear that contains sensory receptors

30
Q

semicircular canals

A

anterior, lateral, and posterior tubes of the inner ear that contain endolymph to help determine speed and direction of head movement

31
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in the inner ear that helps with the detection of movement

32
Q

otolithic organs

A

the part of the inner ear that allows for the sensation of linear and angular acceleration (includes the utricle and saccule)

33
Q

calcium carbonate crystals of hair cells

A

these structures allow for the detection of movement in the inner ear because they move with acceleration

34
Q

vertigo

A

a sensation of loss of balance or spinning resulting from issues in the inner ear

35
Q

signal detection theory

A

the idea that the perception of a stimulus is dependent on both the intensity of the stimulus and the uncertainty around the stimuli

36
Q

noise in signal detection

A

random factors that interfere with the correct discernment of a stimulus including the physiological state of the individual and random errors with equipment

37
Q

hit in signal detection

A

when a stimulus is present and sensed

38
Q

false alarm in signal detection

A

when a stimulus is not present but something is said to have been perceived

39
Q

miss in signal detection

A

when a stimulus is present but it is not perceived

40
Q

correct rejection in signal detection

A

when a stimulus is not perceived when not present

41
Q

conservative strategies of signal detection

A

a method in which one will not say there is not a stimulus unless 100% certain that there is one
this minimizes false alarms, but results in many misses

42
Q

liberal strategies of signal detection

A

a method in which one will say there is a signal unless 100% certain there is not one
this minimizes misses, but results in many false alarms

43
Q

ideal observer

A

a person who minimizes misses and false alarms in signal detection

44
Q

bottom up processing

A

a method of stimulus perception that begins with the stimulus, considered to be data driven

45
Q

top down processing

A

a method of stimulus perception that begins with a person’s background knowledge, considered to be theory driven

46
Q

Gestalt principles

A

a set of laws that aim to explain how a whole object can be perceived differently than simply the sum of its parts
includes laws of similarity, Pragnanz, proximity, continuity, closur

47
Q

law of similarity

A

Gestalt principle that explains the grouping together of like objects

48
Q

law of Pragnanz

A

Gestalt principle that explains how ambiguous objects are perceived in the simplest way possible

49
Q

law of proximity

A

Gestalt principle that explains the grouping together of items that are physically close to each other

50
Q

law of continuity (Law of Good Continuation)

A

Gestalt principle that explains the likelihood of perceiving uninterrupted lines over perceiving sharp or jagged lines

51
Q

law of closure

A

Gestalt principle that explains the grouping of items to form whole objects rather than seeing them as discontinuous segments

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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