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MCAT Psych/Soc > Olfaction and Gustation > Flashcards

Olfaction and Gustation Flashcards

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1
Q

olfaction

A

the sense of smell

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2
Q

pheromone

A

molecule used for chemical communication, mate attraction and flighting
released by one animal and causes an innate response in another when detected by the olfactory sense

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3
Q

nasal passage

A

the opening in the nose that allows for airflow

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4
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

specialized tissue in the nasal passage that contains olfactory sensory receptors and their supporting cells

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5
Q

cribriform plate

A

the bone that separates the olfactory epithelium from the olfactory bulb
it contains holes that allow axons of sensory molecules to pass through

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6
Q

olfactory bulb

A

part of the brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors and sends that information to other parts of the brain to be processed

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7
Q

glomerulus (olfaction)

A

location in the olfactory bulb where the axons of receptor cells sensitive to the same molecule synapse with mitral or tufted cells

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8
Q

mitral/tufted cells

A

types of cells located in the olfactory bulb that receive signals from olfactory receptors and pass them to a different part of the brain, likely the amygdala

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9
Q

amygdala

A

the part of the brain that is largely responsible for the processing of emotions, especially anger

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10
Q

G-protein coupled receptor

A

type of transmembrane receptor that activates an internal cascade response when its ligand is bound
type of receptor used in the olfactory system and gustatory system for sweet, umami, and bitter tastes

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11
Q

vomeronasal system

A

division of the olfactory sense that responds to pheromones
it consists of sensory receptors that send signals to glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb and causes hormonal responses

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12
Q

accessory olfactory epithelium

A

portion of the olfactory epithelium that is sensitive to pheromones and sends signals to the accessory olfactory bulb

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13
Q

basal cell in vomeronasal system

A

this type of receptor cell is found at the bottom of the accessory olfactory epithelium and is sensitive to specific pheromones
it sends axons to the accessory olfactory bulb

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14
Q

apical cell in vomeronasal system

A

this type of receptor cell is found at the top of the accessory olfactory epithelium and is sensitive to specific pheromones
it sends axons to the accessory olfactory bulb

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15
Q

accessory olfactory bulb

A

part of the olfactory bulb that receives signals from the accessory olfactory epithelium as a part of the vomeronasal system

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16
Q

gustation

A

the sensation of taste

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17
Q

five main tastes

A

main groups of compounds we can detect with the gustatory sense
bitter, salty, sweet, sour, and umami

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18
Q

umami

A

one of the five main tastes

ability to detect and taste glutamate

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19
Q

taste bud

A

group of cells on the tongue that are sensitive to each of the five main tastes
include filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

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20
Q

fungiform taste buds

A

a type of taste bud found mostly at the tip of the tongue

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21
Q

foliate taste buds

A

type of taste bud found mostly on the sides of the tongue

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22
Q

circumvallate taste buds

A

type of taste bud found mostly at the back of the tongue

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23
Q

gustatory cortex

A

part of the brain that receives signals from taste buds

it has separate sections for each of the five main tastes

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24
Q

labelled lines model

A

the idea that receptors in the gustatory system respond to only one of the five main tastes and that these signals remain separate when processed in the gustatory cortex

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25
Q

ion channel

A

type of transmembrane receptor that allows the flow of ions when activated and opened by its ligand
it is the type of receptor for sour and salty tastes

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26
Q

states of consciousness

A

varying levels of awareness

27
Q

alertness

A

the state of being awake and aware of things going on

28
Q

daydreaming

A

a state of consciousness that is less aware or focused on surroundings, happens naturally or through light meditation

29
Q

drowsiness

A

a state of consciousness that is somewhat aware of surroundings but is nearly asleep, happens while falling asleep, waking up and through deep meditation

30
Q

sleep

A

a state of consciousness that is completely unaware of the surroundings

31
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

machine capable of measuring neural oscillations of the brain

32
Q

neural oscillations

A

rhythmic patterns of firing, also known as brain waves

33
Q

beta wave

A

high frequency brain wave associated with alertness and concentration

34
Q

alpha wave

A

middle frequency brain wave associated with daydreaming and light meditation

35
Q

theta wave

A

low frequency brain wave that is associated with the onset of sleep

36
Q

delta wave

A

lowest frequency brain wave that is associated with deep sleep

37
Q

non-rapid eye movement sleep

A

the three dreamless stages of sleep

38
Q

N1

A

stage of sleep experienced when first falling asleep, characterized by theta waves

39
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

an imagined sensation during the first stage of sleep N1

40
Q

hypnic jerks

A

falling sensation during the first stage of sleep N1 that causes sudden awakening

41
Q

N2

A

stage of sleep characterized by more theta waves than the first stage as well as k-complexes and sleep spindles

42
Q

k-complex

A

high amplitude brain wave in the second stage of sleep N2 that helps to keep the person asleep and helps with memory consolidation

43
Q

sleep spindles

A

bursts of brain activity in the second stage of sleep N2 that help the person maintain a tranquil state

44
Q

N3

A

the deepest stage of sleep, characterized by slow delta waves
stage when sleepwalking and talking occur

45
Q

rapid eye movement (REM sleep)

A

stage of sleep when dreaming occurs, muscles are paralyzed and eyes move quickly
characterized by brain waves similar to being awake

46
Q

circadian rhythms

A

natural physiological fluctuations that occur on a 24-hour cycle
controlled endogenously and influenced by external light sources

47
Q

Freud’ theory of dreaming

A

the idea that dreams are unconscious thoughts or wishes

48
Q

manifest content

A

the storyline or literal subject matter of a dream

49
Q

latent content

A

the meaning and unconscious wishes that underlie the actions and events of dreams

50
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

the idea that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex trying to find meaning in the random firing of the brainstem that occurs during sleep

51
Q

sleep deprivation

A

lack of sleep that can contribute to depression or obesity in the long-term

52
Q

insomnia

A

sleep disorder characterized by having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep for three or more days a week for at least 3 months

53
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder characterized by an inability to control when sleep occurs, excessive daytime drowsiness, and sleep attacks

54
Q

sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder characterized by repeated disruption of breathing while sleeping that causes the person to wake up and prevents slow wave sleep

55
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

breathing is disrupted due to the physical blocking of airways

56
Q

polysomnography

A

sleep study that records brain waves and is used to detect and diagnose sleep disorders

57
Q

central sleep apnea

A

breathing is disrupted while sleeping due to malfunctions of the respiratory centers of the brain

58
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

A

abnormal pattern of rapid breathing followed by brief cessations of breathing that occurs during sleep
example of central sleep apnea

59
Q

sleep associated hypoventilation

A

abnormally slow breathing during sleep that results in low oxygen levels and a buildup of carbon dioxide

60
Q

sleepwalking and sleeptalking

A

sleep disorders that occur during the N3 stage of sleep when the muscles are not paralyzed and the person can act out daytime activities

61
Q

induced states of consciousness

A

deviation from normal levels of alertness due to hypnosis, meditation, or drugs

62
Q

hypnosis

A

induced state of consciousness where people are more open to suggestion, characterized by alpha waves

63
Q

meditation

A

induced state of consciousness in which people self-regulation attention, characterized by alpha waves and occasionally theta waves

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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