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MCAT Psych/Soc > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

motor development

A

way in which individuals acquire the ability to move around or perform tasks
occurs in
occurs in characteristic stages

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2
Q

stages of motor development

A

distinct steps in the acquisition of movement skills in infants
major steps include the infant lifting their head, then rolling over, sitting up, standing up with support, standing on their own, crawling, walking with support, and lastly walking on their own

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3
Q

gross motor skills

A

movements that require the use of large muscles and muscle groups
tasks include sitting up or standing, and typically develop faster than fine motor skills

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4
Q

fine motor skills

A

movements that require the use of small muscles, like those in the fingers
include holding a pencil, drawing, and typically develop after gross motor skills

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5
Q

reflex

A

an innate, involuntary reaction to a stimulus

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6
Q

permanent reflexes

A

involuntary reactions to stimuli that can be demonstrated by healthy newborns and do not go away with age

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7
Q

breathing reflex

A

innate control of inhalation and exhalation

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8
Q

eyeblink reflex

A

involuntary response to a bright light that causes one to close their eyes

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9
Q

pupillary reflex

A

involuntary response to bright light that causes the constriction of the pupil

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10
Q

swallowing reflex

A

innate knowledge of how to control the muscles of the tongue and throat in order to move food through the mouth to the esophagus

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11
Q

neonatal reflexes (primitive reflex)

A

involuntary reactions to stimuli that can be demonstrated by healthy newborns, but will be grown out of

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12
Q

rooting reflex

A

involuntary response to a touch on the cheek that causes the infant to move their head towards the stimulus
helps the infant locate the mother’s breast or bottle, and it only lasts for the first few weeks of life

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13
Q

Babinski reflex

A

involuntary response to a touch on the bottom of the foot that causes an infant to curl their toes
happens for unknown reasons and only lasts through the first year of life

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14
Q

Moro reflex

A

the involuntary response to a quick movement of the head or a loud noise that causes the infant to spread the arms, then retract them, usually while crying and arching the back
lasts through the first 4-6 months of life

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15
Q

tonic neck reflex

A

involuntary response to turning the neck (involuntary or voluntarily) that causes the infant to stretch the arm that it is turned towards and bend the other
lasts through the first 6 months of life

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16
Q

galant reflex

A

involuntary response to a touch on the back that causes the infant to move towards the side that was stroked
lasts through the first 6 months of life

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17
Q

palmar grasp reflex

A

involuntary response to an object touching the palm that causes the infant to close their first and grasp the object
lasts through the first 6 months of life

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18
Q

sucking reflex

A

involuntary response to an object placed in the mouth that causes the infant to press their lips around it and swallow repeatedly
lasts through the first 3-4 months of life

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19
Q

stepping reflex

A

involuntary response to being held upright with feet touching the ground that causes an infant to move their legs as if they were trying to walk
lasts through the first 2 months of life

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20
Q

swimming reflex

A

involuntary response to being put in water that causes the infant to hold their breath and move the arms and legs around
lasts through the first 6 months of life

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21
Q

adolescence

A

time between puberty and adulthood

often seen as a transition period and the exact age differs between cultures

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22
Q

puberty

A

process of sexual maturation that typically takes about 2 years to complete in humans

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23
Q

milestones of puberty

A

markings of progress in sexual maturation, usually the first ejaculation in males and the first menstrual cycle in females

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24
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

development of reproductive organs that make reproduction possible

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25
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

development of qualities during puberty that are important, but not necessary for reproduction
examples: development of facial hair and a low voice in males, breasts and wide hips in females

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26
Q

brain development in puberty

A

changes in the brain include increases in the myelination, synaptic pruning/a decrease in brain volume, and changes to specific brain regions that occur during adolescence
specific changes include the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, limbic system (specifically the amygdala and hypothalamus), and the corpus callosum

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27
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

part of the brain responsible for attention, planning, decision making, and inhibiting certain behaviors

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28
Q

limbic system

A

a network in the brain that is situated on top of the brain stem and is heavily involved in the processing of emotions, behavior, and long-term memory

29
Q

amygdala

A

part of the limbic system located below the thalamus that regulates the autonomic nervous system by controlling the release of hormones
matures during puberty

30
Q

corpus callosum

A

group of nerve fibers that form the connection between the two hemispheres of the brain
the connections it makes between language areas stop developing after puberty

31
Q

temperament

A

a person or infant’s nature or characteristic emotional reactivity that seems to be relatively stable throughout life
easy, difficult, or withdrawn are common examples

32
Q

behavior genetics

A

field that examines what characteristics of personality and behavior are due to environment or heredity

33
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits through genetics from generation to generation
percentage of variability between organisms that is due to genetics

34
Q

traits

A

distinguishing attributes that vary between individuals

35
Q

gene

A

portion of DNA that codes for a single protein

they are inherited from parents and can be considered the unit of heredity

36
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

molecule that codes for and contains genetic information

37
Q

chromosome

A

long strand of coiled DNA

humans typically have 46 (23 from each parent)

38
Q

genome

A

entire set of DNA present in each cell

half is contributed by each parent

39
Q

molecular genetics

A

field that examines genes in their structure and function

40
Q

central dogma

A

a section of DNA (gene) is transcribed into a strand of RNA, which is then translated into a protein

41
Q

proteins

A

molecules composed of amino acids that are coded for in genes
differences in expressions of proteins determines traits and differences between people

42
Q

pheromones

A

molecules that cause a change in the expression of proteins when they are detected by the olfactory sense

43
Q

gene regulation

A

way in which environmental and intrinsic factors control how portions of DNA are transcribed and expressed

44
Q

human genome

A

entire set of DNA a human has, including non-coding DNA and 30,000 genes
contained in 46 chromosomes that have been mapped out to be studied

45
Q

epigenetics

A

a field of study that examines the modifications to DNA that do not change the DNA sequence but still affect the transcription and expression of genes

46
Q

methylation

A

addition of a CH3 group to a gene in order to decrease its expression

47
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

way that both nature and nurture play a role in expression of genes

48
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

disease that exemplifies the interaction between genetics and the environment in controlling outcomes
caused by a genetic mutation in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase (a liver enzyme), resulting in a damaging buildup of phenylalanine in the brain
however, this only becomes a problem if the diet contains enough phenylalanine

49
Q

behavior

A

a response to the environment that can be both internal and external

50
Q

adaptation

A

change that results in the organism being better suited for its environment (implying better reproductive results)

51
Q

ethology

A

field of study that examines observable animal behavior including human behavior

52
Q

innate behavior

A

responses to the environment that are genetically coded, intrinsic, consistent/not easily changed, and do not develop over time

53
Q

orientation behaviors

A

innate response to the environment that results in the organism moving through the environment towards a more favorable place

54
Q

kinesis

A

innate reaction to a stimulus that causes a change in speed or rate

55
Q

orthokinesis

A

innate, involuntary change in the speed of some movement in reaction to a stimulus

56
Q

klinokinesis

A

innate, involuntary change in rate or frequency of a reaction to a stimulus

57
Q

taxis

A

innate reaction that causes movement towards or away from a stimulus

58
Q

fixed action pattern

A

an innate, involuntary reaction to a stimulus that does not require thought and results in coordinated movements

59
Q

learned behavior

A

persistent changes in reactions to stimuli as a result of experience
they are not innate, are determined by environment, an can develop over time or through practice

60
Q

complex behavior

A

innate response to stimuli that can develop over time or with practice, depending on the environment
example: animal learning to fly

61
Q

positive feedback

A

process whose outcome serves to increase the original stimulus
requires an outside influence to stop

62
Q

negative feedback

A

process that works to decrease the stimulus that causes it

self-regulating and turn themselves off

63
Q

feedback loops of the menstrual cycle

A

release of estrogen by the ovaries triggers the release of GnRH and LH and stimulates the production of more estrogen
stopped when LH levels are high enough to cause progesterone to be released, lowering the levels of GnRH and LH

64
Q

hypothalamus

A

releases GnRH in response to estrogen during the menstrual cycle

65
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

A

released by hypothalamus and acts on anterior pituitary

triggers release of follicle stimulating hormone FSH and LH luteinizing hormone

66
Q

anterior pituitary during the menstrual cycle

A

releases LH during the menstrual cycle when triggered by GnRH

67
Q

luteinizing hormone and the menstrual cycle

A

hormone released during the menstrual cycle when the anterior pituitary is stimulated by GnRH
part of a positive feedback loop, triggers the production of more estrogen, causing more GnRH production and release

68
Q

progesterone

A

a sex hormone closely related to pregnancy and fetal development
contributes to the negative feedback loop of the menstrual cycle

69
Q

estrogen

A

main female sex hormone produced in the ovaries

released in low levels and begins a positive feedback loop with LH and GnRH

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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