Social Development

Question 1

development

Answer 1

age-related changes that occur in an individual’s lifespan

Question 2

psychosexual theory of development

Answer 2

childhood stages that Freud believed every person passes through that shape a person’s personality

Question 3

fixation

Answer 3

inability to move on from a certain psychosexual stage of development
due to either too much or too little gratification during that stage

Question 4

libido

Answer 4

energy source that causes an unconscious drive for sex and survival that Freud thought underlied much of a person’s behavior

Question 5

oral stage

Answer 5

first step in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development
ages 0-2
libido is focused around the mouth and gratification is found through eating

Question 6

fixation in the oral stage

Answer 6

personality that arises from either too much or too little gratification in the first stage of psychosexual development will be characterized by aggression, dependence, and a tendency to smoke, overeat, or bite nails

Question 7

anal stage

Answer 7

second step in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development
age 1-3 when the libido is focused around the anus and gratification is found through controlling the bladder and bowel movements

Question 8

fixation in the anal stage

Answer 8

personality that arises from either too much or too little gratification in the second stage of psychosocial development will be characterized by extreme orderliness or messiness

Question 9

phallic stage

Answer 9

third step in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development
ages 3-6
libido is focused around the genitals, and development occurs when the Oedipus or Electra complex is resolved

Question 10

Oedipus complex

Answer 10

idea that, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, boys will begin to desire their mother and envy their father

Question 11

Electra complex

Answer 11

idea that, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, girls will begin to desire their father and envy their mother

Question 12

fixation in the phallic stage

Answer 12

personality that arises from either too much or too little gratification in the third stage of psychosocial development
will be characterized by sexual dysfunction

Question 13

latent stage

Answer 13

fourth step in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development
describes the time from ages 6-12 that has no single focus of the libido and development of cognitive and social skills occurs

Question 14

genital stage

Answer 14

fifth and final step in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development
describes the time after the onset of puberty, in which the libido is focused around the genitals and sexual interest develops

Question 15

psychosocial theory of development

Answer 15

idea proposed by Erik Erikson that suggests changes that an individual experiences in their personality are caused by facing 8 sequential conflicts that every person will face
suggests that personality changes throughout the person’s lifespan

Question 16

5 stages of Freudian psychosexual development

Answer 16

oral stage (0-2)
anal stage (1-3)
phallic stage (3-6)
latent stage (6-12)
genital stage

Question 17

Erik Erikson’s 8 conflicts

Answer 17

trust vs. mistrust (0-1)
autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3)
initiative vs. guilt (3-5)
industry vs. inferiority (6-12)
identity vs. role confusion (12-18)
intimacy vs. isolation (20-40)
generativity vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair

Question 18

trust vs. mistrust

Answer 18

first stage in psychosocial development
ages 0-1
when the child learns if they can depend on their caregivers
results in either hope or suspicion and fear

Question 19

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 19

second stage in psychosocial development
ages 2-3
child learns to be independent through exploring their environment
results in either self esteem or a feeling of inadequacy

Question 20

initiative vs. guilt

Answer 20

third stage in psychosocial development
ages 3-5
child learns to play with others, lead others, and ask questions
results in either a sense of purpose or passivity

Question 21

industry vs. inferiority

Answer 21

fourth stage in psychosocial development
ages 6-12
child learns specific skills and competencies
results in either a sense of confidence in their capabilities or a lack of confidence

Question 22

identity vs. role confusion

Answer 22

fifth stage in psychosocial development
ages 12-18
adolescent learns or decides what their role is going to be as an adult
results in either a sense of understanding who they are as an individual or rebellion and a missing sense of who they are

Question 23

intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 23

sixth stage in psychosocial development
ages 20-40
individual forms long-term, committed relationships
results in either connectedness or a lack of social support

Question 24

generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 24

seventh stage in psychosocial development
individual learns to contribute to society by raising children or through professional accomplishments
results in either caring for others or feeling unproductive

Question 25

integrity vs. despair

Answer 25

last stage in psychosocial development
individual evaluates the productivity of their life
results in either a sense of wisdom or dissatisfaction

Question 26

sociocultural development theory

Answer 26

idea originally proposed by Lev Vygotsky
suggests that learning occurs through actively engaging with the environment
emphasizes the role of family members, peers, cultural beliefs, and language in a person’s learning and cognition

Question 27

elementary mental functions

Answer 27

cognitive processes that humans are innately capable of

these include attention, sensation, perceptions, and memory

Question 28

higher mental functions

Answer 28

cognitive processes that are learned through the internalization of instructions
require the use of elementary mental functions

Question 29

more knowledgeable other

Answer 29

person with a greater understanding of the task

capable of teaching the learner

Question 30

zone of proximal development

Answer 30

set of skills or abilities that a person could learn with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other that they could not learn on their own

Question 31

private speech

Answer 31

the act of speaking out loud to oneself

often used by children to plan activities and process thoughts

Question 32

inner speech

Answer 32

internal thoughts that require the use of language to be expressed
these do not have any vocal expression

Question 33

moral development theory

Answer 33

idea originally proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg that suggests that there are 3 stages of maturity that each person passes through, based on cognitive function and learning the difference between right and wrong

Question 34

the Heinz dilemma

Answer 34

fictitious story used by Kohlberg to gauge an individual’s moral reasoning
story describes a man who stole medicine that he could not afford to save his dying wife and a chemist who refused to give him the medicine for cheaper

Question 35

pre-moral (pre-conventional stage

Answer 35

first step in the development of ethical reasoning

most often observed when a child does not have their own set of ethical guidelines

Question 36

obedience vs. punishment

Answer 36

first part of the pre-moral stage in development

child sees rules as fixed and makes decisions to avoid consequences

Question 37

individualism and exchange

Answer 37

second part of the pre-moral stage in development, in which a child begins to see that there is not just one right view

Question 38

conventional stage

Answer 38

second step in moral development, in which an individual begins to internalize moral guidelines

Question 39

good boy and good girl

Answer 39

first part of the conventional stage in moral development
individual acts in a moral way so as to be seen as moral by others
conformity and kindness are emphasized in this stage

Question 40

law and order

Answer 40

second part of the conventional stage of moral development

decisions are made to follow the rules of society and avoid guilt

Question 41

post-conventional stage

Answer 41

last step in moral development, in which an individual makes decisions based on their own ethical code

Question 42

social contract

Answer 42

first part of the post-conventional stage of moral development
individual learns that moral dilemmas are not always clear-cut, and there are situations in which rules or laws should not be followed

Question 43

universal ethical principles

Answer 43

last step in moral development
individual establishes their own moral guidelines that apply to human rights, justice, and equality
very few people reach this level of moral development