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MCAT Psych/Soc > Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

sensorimotor stage 0-2
preoperational stage 2-7
concrete operational stage 7-11
formal operational stage 12+

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2
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

age 0-2 years old
cognitive development is focused around physical interactions with the environment and moving around it
said to end when the child develops a sense of object permancne

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3
Q

object permanence

A

ability to recognize that an object still exists despite it not being presently seen

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4
Q

preoperational stage

A

age 2-7 years old

children are egocentric, have trouble taking the perspective of others, and learn to play pretend

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5
Q

concrete operational stage

A

age 7-11 years old

concept of conservation is being learned and the child becomes capable of simple reasoning

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6
Q

conservation

A

ability to recognize that quantity has not changed despite a change in container
develops during concrete operational stage

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7
Q

formal operational stage

A

age 12+ years

children are able to think abstractly and are capable of moral reasoning

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8
Q

schemas

A

mental models that allow us to make sense of the world according to Piaget

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9
Q

assimilation of schemas

A

confirmation of our current schemas by new experiences

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10
Q

accommodation of schemas

A

modification of our current schemas when we are presented with information that they do not account for
may involve making new schemas or adjusting existing ones

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11
Q

disequilibrium

A

state of confusion that results when information cannot fit into our existing schemas
requires accommodation to restore equilibrium

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12
Q

problem solving

A

the act of determining an action that can bring a person closer to a goal

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13
Q

well-defined problems

A

challenges that have a specific starting point and a known goal

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14
Q

ill-defined problems

A

challenges that do not have a specific starting point or a known goal

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15
Q

trial and error problem solving

A

method of overcoming a challenge that involves testing random guesses until the goal is reached

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16
Q

algorithm strategy

A

method of overcoming a challenge that involves testing guesses in a logical, methodical order that ensures that the answer will eventually be found

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17
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that allow a person to solve problems more quickly

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18
Q

means-end analysis

A

method of problem solving that involves identifying the end goal and the main challenge in getting to that end goal
main challenge is addressed first and then the sub-problems that ensue

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19
Q

working backwards

A

method of problem solving that involves beginning from the goal state and making connections back to the current state

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20
Q

availability heuristic

A

drawing on personal experience or readily accessible examples that come to mind when trying to assess probability
often leads to the wrong conclusion because decision making can be skewed by recently learned information

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21
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

using prototypes/categories and ideas of what is typical within these prototypes to make decisions or assess probability

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22
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

the assumption that two things occurring together is more likely than the occurrence of just one
this leads to error in judging probability

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23
Q

fixation (problem solving)

A

state of being stuck on a particular solution to a problem that has been shown not to work

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24
Q

incubation

A

a way of dealing with fixation that involves diverting attention away from the problem and waiting for a moment of insight

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25
Q

biases

A

overconfidence bias
belief perseverance
confirmation bias
framing

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26
Q

overconfidence bias

A

tendency to overestimate one’s own capability or correctness

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27
Q

fluency

A

ease of processing that can contribute to overconfidence in the material

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28
Q

belief perseverance

A

ignoring or rationalizing information that disproves one’s beliefs in order to maintain those beliefs

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29
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to seek out and favor information that supports existing beliefs

30
Q

framing

A

manner in which information is presented is often capable of skewing decision making based on that information

31
Q

initelligence

A

mental quality that describes the ability to acquire and use new information, solve problems and learn from experience

32
Q

IQ

A

intelligence quotient

measure of intelligence based on a test that divides the test-taker’s mental age by their physical age

33
Q

theory of general intelligence

A

idea that there is one universal type of mental ability that allows for success in all fields
each individual has different levels of this one general ability

34
Q

G-Factor

A

the quantitative measure used in the theory of general intelligence

35
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

there are 3 distinct categories of mental abilities that contribute to real world success: analytical, creative, and practical abilities

36
Q

analytical intelligence

A

category of mental abilities that allows for effective problem solving and learning, and can be measured with an IQ test

37
Q

creative intelligence

A

helps a person deal with novel situation by drawing on past experience and generate new ideas

38
Q

practical intelligence

A

allows a person to adapt to their environment and to deal with ill-defined problems

39
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to deal with emotionally charged problems or situations
includes being aware of and controlling one’s own personal emotions and how they are expressed, and handling interpersonal conflicts and emotional situations successfully

40
Q

fluid intelligence

A

mental ability that allows a person to solve novel problems, reason through problems, and think abstractly and logically
this tends to decrease with age

41
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the accumulation of knowledge through experience and the ability to apply this knowledge
tends to increase with age

42
Q

heritability

A

proportion of a trait or quality that is due to genes

often studied through twin studies to control for genetic and/or environmental differences

43
Q

fixed mindset

A

belief that the amount of intelligence a person possesses cannot be changed over time or with practice and experience, and is biologically based

44
Q

growth mindset

A

belief that the amount of intelligence a person possesses can be changed through experience and learning, rather than being biologically set

45
Q

theory of primary mental abilities

A

there are 7 distinct categories of intelligence: verbal comprehension, reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, word fluency

46
Q

theory of multiple intelligences

A

Howard Gardner’s idea that there are 7 independent mental abilities that encompass much more than what can be tested with an IQ test
7 abilties - visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, musical, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence

47
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

experience of discomfort due to one’s conflicting and concurrently-held beliefs, or actions that conflict with one’s held beliefs

48
Q

language

A

systematic method of communication which can be verbal or non-verbal and has some standard and formalized rules

49
Q

aphasia

A

any condition that affects language abilities

50
Q

Broca’s area

A

part of the frontal lobe (typically in the left hemisphere) that is responsible for the production of speech

51
Q

Broca’s (non-fluent) aphasia

A

condition characterized by an inability to produce speech reliably, despite being able to comprehend speech
often caused by damage to the left frontal lobe

52
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

posterior part of the temporal lobe (typically in the left hemisphere) that is responsible for the comprehension of speech

53
Q

Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia

A

condition characterized by the inability to comprehend speech while still being able to produce nonsense speech
due to damage in the posterior portion of the left temporal lobe

54
Q

global aphasia

A

inability to comprehend or produce speech

typically caused by damage to both Wernicke’s and Broca’s area

55
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

group of nerve fibers that connect Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area

56
Q

conduction aphasia

A

speech impairment condition characterized by the inability to repeat things, despite full comprehension and ability to produce speech
typically caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus

57
Q

agraphia

A

type of aphasia characterized by an inability to write

58
Q

anomia

A

type of aphasia characterized by an inability to name objects

59
Q

split brain patients

A

people who have had their corpus callosum surgically cut, usually to treat seizures
results in impaired communication between the two hemispheres, including an inability to name objects presented to only the left visual field

60
Q

contralateral organization

A

sensations that are stimulated on one side of the body are processed in the hemisphere opposite

61
Q

linguistic universalism

A

thought precedes language, and language only exists to describe these thoughts

62
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language determines and limits though

63
Q

strong linguistic determinism (whorfian hypothesis)

A

theory that language completely controls and limits thought by giving it structure

64
Q

weak linguistic determinism

A

theory that language influences, but does not completely determine, thought patterns through the way thought is structured

65
Q

nativist theory of language development

A

Noam Chomsky’s idea that the ability to learn language is innate and stored in the language acquisition device in the brain
based on the idea that all languages share universal grammar that children are naturally able to pick up on, and these skills have a critical period after which they deteriorate

66
Q

universal grammar

A

underlying principles or template that govern all languages and are innate to humans
makes language easy to learn during the critical period

67
Q

critical period

A

time in a child’s life when they are the most capable of learning a language
usually lasts from birth to age 8 or 9

68
Q

language acquisition device

A

hypothetical part of the brain that (according to Chomsky) stores the basis of universal grammar and is responsible for learning language
Chomsky thought this was only active from birth to age 8

69
Q

learning theory of language acquisition

A

idea supported by Skinner and other behaviorists that children acquire language through reinforcement
theory fails to account for the fact that children can produce words or sentences they have never heard

70
Q

social interactionist approach to language development

A

humans are innately capable of learning language and choose to do so because of social factors and the desire to interact with others

MCAT Psych/Soc (23 decks)

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