Social Perception

Question 1

stereotype

Answer 1

widely accepted cognition that overgeneralizes the qualities of a group of people
allows for a quick assessment of people in a social setting but is often inaccurate

Question 2

stereotype threat

Answer 2

exposure to a negative assumption or belief about a group that a person identifies as a part of
causes a decrease in a person’s performance

Question 3

prejudice

Answer 3

negative attitude towards a group of people based on a stereotype
often leads to discriminatory action

Question 4

authoritarian personality

Answer 4

consistent pattern of thought, behavior, and emotion that is characterized by a tendency to be controlling, rigid, harsh, and oppressive
often caused by a harsh or disciplinary upbringing, and is thought to contribute to prejudice

Question 5

scapegoating

Answer 5

channeling of negative emotions and aggression for a powerful figure onto another group of people

Question 6

frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 6

theory that explains a possible cause of prejudice that focuses on the channeling of negative emotions felt towards a powerful person or group of people that is displaced onto another group of people

Question 7

hypothesis of relative deprivation

Answer 7

theory that focuses on a possible cause of prejudice: people turn to prejudice when they feel they are being denied something that they are entitled to

Question 8

discriminatoin

Answer 8

behavior that is driven by a prejudice that acts to differentiate or negatively impacts a certain group

Question 9

race

Answer 9

group of people that is defined by certain physical characteristics that carry some amount of social significance

Question 10

ethnicity

Answer 10

group of people that shares cultural practices and heritage

differences that define these groups are learned practices, including language, religion, and a shared history

Question 11

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 11

belief of prediction that becomes more true over time because the belief influences behavior
acts like a positive feedback loop
belief influences behavior –> behavior is exhibited –> original belief becomes stronger

Question 12

power

Answer 12

the amount of control that a person has over their own life, politics, or money
often disproportionally allocated to a dominant group at the expense of minorities

Question 13

social class

Answer 13

divisions between groups based on income and prestige

Question 14

just world phenomenon

Answer 14

belief that people have earned or deserved their outcomes or consequences, clearly placing blame on any individual in the negative situation
eg blaming the victim of the shocks in Milgram studies for answering questions wrong and therefore earning that treatment

Question 15

prestige

Answer 15

respect that is often linked to occupation and success

Question 16

stigma

Answer 16

disapproval of an individual by society that is associated with a certain quality of that individual
can be propagated by media and/or policies of society

Question 17

social stigma

Answer 17

disapproval that individuals feel for exhibiting a certain quality in society

Question 18

self stigma

Answer 18

internalization of prejudice and discrimination that causes an individual to feel damaged, oftentimes because of an illness
can lead to denial of the illness, a lack of motivation to seek treatment, or further mental illness

Question 19

primacy bias

Answer 19

idea that the first impression is often more memorable and impactful than other encounters

Question 20

first impression

Answer 20

preliminary encounter and judgment of a certain individual, which tends to have a lasting memory, is hard to overcome, and often leads the person to seek out only information that supports their primary judgment

Question 21

recency bias

Answer 21

idea that the most recent impressions or actions are more memorable and impactful than other encounters

Question 22

halo effect

Answer 22

idea that a strong overall impression of an individual will cause their specific qualities to be perceived as better than they truly are

Question 23

devil effect

Answer 23

reverse halo effect
idea that a negative overall impression of an individual will cause their specific qualities to be perceived as worse than they truly are

Question 24

attribution theory

Answer 24

idea that people tend to explain their behavior and the behavior of others in terms of perceived causes of the behavior
involves deciding if a behavior had external influences, internal influences, or both

Question 25

ethnocentrism

Answer 25

judging another culture’s religion, politics, food, or traditions against the standards of one’s own culture

Question 26

in group

Answer 26

a collection of people that an individual identifies as being a part of

Question 27

in group favoritism

Answer 27

pattern of behavior that benefits a collection of people that an individual identifies as being a part of

Question 28

out group

Answer 28

collection of individuals that an individual does not identify as being a part of

Question 29

out group derogation

Answer 29

pattern of behavior that disadvantages or discriminates against a collection of people that an individual does not identify as being a part of
especially prevalent when this group is threatening to the individual’s group in some way

Question 30

group polarization

Answer 30

phenomenon in which a decision made by a group tends to be more extreme than the opinion of any of the individuals

Question 31

individual discrimination

Answer 31

one person acts in a way that disadvantages a certain group of people

Question 32

institutional discrimination

Answer 32

actions made by a society or a particular established organization that disadvantages a certain group
can be either intentional or unintentional

Question 33

unintentional discrimination

Answer 33

actions made by a society or a particular organization that disadvantages a certain group despite the fact that this was not the intent of these actions

Question 34

side-effect discrimination

Answer 34

way in which the actions of one institution that disadvantage a certain group can influence the actions of another institution, causing the second institution to act in a way that disadvantages the same group unintentionally

Question 35

past-in-present discrimination

Answer 35

the way in which the negative actions of the past continue to affect actions today