Social Thinking Flashcards
self disclosure
sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgemental empathy
reciprocal liking
the phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
proximity
plays a role in liking someone
mere exposure or familiarity effect
says that people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
amygdala
part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments
cognitive neoassociation model
states that we are more likely to respond to other aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain
riots are more likely to occur on hot days than cool ones
secure attachment
when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to…having a secure attachment pattern is thought to be a vital aspect of a child’s social development
avoidant attachment
when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child, given the choice
the child will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver, they show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns
ambivalent attachment
occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully
child can’t rely on the caregiver’s response…child will be distressed when the caregiver leaves, but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns, often displaying ambivalence
also known as the anxious-ambivalent attachment
Disorganized attachment
Children show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
avoidance, resistance, seeming dazed, frozen or confused
often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver, may also flag for abuse
social support
perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
emotional support
listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
esteem support
similar to emotional support, but touches more on affirming the qualities and skills of a person
material support/tangible support
any type of financial or material contribution to another person
informational support
providing info that will help someone
network support
type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging
foraging
seeking out and eating food, driven by biological, psychological, and social influences
what controls the sensation of hunger?
hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus
promotes hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety
polyandry
female having exclusive relationships with multiple partners
mate choice/intersexual selection
selection of a mate based on attraction
mate bias
how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
direct benefits
providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support
indirect benefits
promoting better survival in offspring
5 Mechanisms of Mate Choice?
- Phenotypic benefits
- Sensory bias
- Fisherian or runaway selection–> positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that doesn’t impact survival is more exaggerated over time, like a peacock’s tail
- Indicator traits–> signal good health and well-being
- Genetic compatibility–> want good genetics if it you combine genes
altrusism
form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at cost to him or herself
empathy
ability to experience the emotions of another
empathy- altruism hypothesis
one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost
evolutionary stable strategy
ESS is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising
cooperation
both the donor and the recipient benefit from cooperating
spite
both the donor and the recipient are negatively impacted
selfishness
the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
inclusive fitness
a measure of an organism’s success in the population…based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others
altruism or self sacrifice to protect offspring can improve the fitness and success of a species as a whole
social perception/social cognition
provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people
perceiver
person perceiving an event–> influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
target
refers to the person about which the perception is made
primacy effect
idea that the first impression is often more important than subsequent impressions
recency effect
sometimes the more recent impression/info can be more important in forming our impression of a person
reliance on central traits
people form perceptions based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver
implicit personality thoery
categories we place other in during impression formation is based off implicit personality theory, there are assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related…making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed is known as stereotyping
halo effect
a cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affect by one’s overall impression of the individual
just-world hypothesis
people get what they deserve, karma, increases the likelihood that someone “blames the victim”
self-serving bias/ self-serving attributional bias
refers to the fact that individuals will view their own success based on internal factors, while viewing failures based on external factors
depression has the opposite attribution/reversed attributional bias, attributing success to external factors and failures to self
self-enhancement
focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of success and external attribution of failures
attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
consistency cues
refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time, more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person
consensus cues
relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others, “matches others’ behavior”
Distinctiveness cues
refers to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
correspondent interference theory
when a person unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution
fundamental attribution error
we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts… assume someone is lazy or stupid over that they may have gotten ill or had a lot of other things going on
attribute substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic
stereotype content model
attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
paternalistic sterotypes
the group is looked down as inferior, dismissed, or ignored
self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups which create conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectations, a process referred to as “self-fulfilling prophecy”
stereotype threat
the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group, can reduce performance, lower one’s investment, etc.
prejudice
defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity
propaganda
common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others
power
ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles and their ability to control resources
prestige
level of respect shown to a person by others
in group
social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging
out group
social group with which an individual does not identify
ethnocentrism
practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
cultural relativism
perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself
discrimination
when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
individual–against one person
institutional- against a person by an entire institution
