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McK's Science Review > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

biomedical approach

A

interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders

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2
Q

bio-psychosocial approach

A

assumes there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder

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3
Q

direct therapy

A

aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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4
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

manual of mental disorders

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5
Q

schizophrenia

A

prototypical psychotic disorder, need to show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months, at least one month of active symptoms

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6
Q

psychotic disorder

A

suffer from delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms

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7
Q

positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior ex. delusions and hallucinations, disorganized thought, and disorganized or catatonic behavior

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8
Q

negative symptoms

A

those that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition ( a term used to describe the severe lack of initiative to accomplish purposeful tasks)

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9
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs discordant with reality

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10
Q

delusions of reference

A

belief that common elements in the environment are directed at the individual

ex. think characters in TV are talking to you directly

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11
Q

thought broadcasting

A

the belief that one’s thoughts are being broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

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12
Q

thought insertion

A

belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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13
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality, auditory is the most common form

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14
Q

disorganized thought

A

characterized by loosening of associations, speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another in a way that doesn’t make much sense, “word salad”–> words put together randomly, and may create new words “neologisms”

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15
Q

neologisms

A

new words, sometimes seen with schizophrenics

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16
Q

disorganized behaviors

A

inability to carry out activities of daily living, like paying bill and staying clean

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17
Q

catatonia

A

certain motor behaviors of some people with schizophrenia, could look like spontaneous movement being greatly reduced, or useless and bizarre movements like echolalia (repeating another’s words) or echopraxia (imitating another’s actions)

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18
Q

disturbance of affect

A

negative symptom of schizophrenia, affect is the experience and display of emotions

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19
Q

Blunting

A

severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

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20
Q

Flat affect (emotional flattening)

A

virtually no signs of emotional expression

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21
Q

inappropriate affect

A

affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech, laugh hysterically when describing a parent’s death

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22
Q

avolition

A

marked by decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-driven action

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23
Q

prodromal phase

A

clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences, followed by active phase of symptomatic behavior

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24
Q

depressive disorder

A

meet certain severity and duration requirements for diagnosis

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25
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode

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26
Q

Major depressive episode

A 
period fo at least two weeks with at least 5 of the following symptoms
SIG E.CAPS
Sadness + 
Sleep 
Interest 
Guilt
Energy 
Concentration
Appetite 
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thoughts

(at least one symptom must be depressed mood or anhendonia)

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27
Q

anhedonia

A

loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities

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28
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

given to individuals who suffer from dysthymia, a depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode, most of the time for at least two years

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29
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, often only in winter months, can treat with bright light therapy

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30
Q

Bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic depression)

A

mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania

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31
Q

Manic episodes

A 
characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following - DIG FAST
Distractible
Insomnia (decreased sleep)
Grandiosity 
Flight of ideas (racing thoughts)
Agitation
Speech (pressured)
Thoughtlessness (risky behavior)
32
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

33
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

34
Q

Hypomania

A

typically does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic

35
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not sever enough to qualify as major depressive episodes

36
Q

Monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression

A

Theory holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression

depression- low norepinephrine and serotonin levels
manic episodes- high levels of those neurotransmitters

37
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

common, defined as disproportionate and persistent worry about many small things

38
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

excessive levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 will increase the body’s metabolic rate and create anxiety-like symptoms (has to be ruled out for anxiety disorders)

39
Q

Specific phobia

A

one in which anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation

40
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety that is due to social situations

41
Q

Agoraphobia

A

anxiety disorder that is characterized by a fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for the individual to escape

42
Q

Panic disorder

A

another type of anxiety disorder, consists of repeated panic attacks, include fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and a sense of unreality, sense of impending doom

43
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses), which produce tension, and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life

obsessions raise the individual’s stress level and the compulsions relieve this stress

44
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

a person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part

45
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A

occurs after witnessing a traumatic event, such as war, home invasion, rape or a natural disaster. Consists of intrusion symptoms (recurrent reliving of the event), avoidance symptoms (deliberate attempts to avoid the memories), negative cognitive symptoms (inability to recall key features of the event), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior)

46
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

The person avoids stress by escaping from their identity, ex. amnesia, dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder), and depersonalization/ derealization disorder

47
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experiences, may also experience dissociative fugue: a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

48
Q

dissociative fugue

A

a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

49
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

formerly multiple personality disorder, there are two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior, results when the components of identity fail to integrate, in most cases, patients have experienced severe physical or sexual abuse as children

50
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body (depersonalization) or from their surroundings (derealization), ex. out of body experience

51
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

have at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it, or elevated levels of anxiety

52
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition

53
Q

Conversion disorder

A

characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions, ex. Devi in Never Have I Ever when she is in the wheelchair, generally begin after a traumatic event

54
Q

La belle indifference

A

when a person is unconcerned with a symptom in a conversion disorder (historically a conversion disorder was called hysteria)

55
Q

Personality disorder

A

a pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

Clusters A, B, and C

56
Q

Ego-syntonic

A

if the individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with her goals

57
Q

Ego-dystonic

A

The individual sees the illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome

58
Q

Cluster A

A

paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders

marked by behavior that is labeled as odd or eccentric by others

59
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives

60
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Refers to a pattern of odd or eccentric thinking may have ideas of reference (like delusions of reference but not as extreme) as well as magical thinking (superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance)

61
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression; little desire for social interactions

62
Q

Cluster B

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

Marked by behavior that is labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others

63
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

three times more common in males, disregard for and violation of the rights of others, many serial killers and career criminals have this

64
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

two times more common in females, pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self image; interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable; fear of abandonment, use splitting (view others as all good or all bad) as a defense mechanism, self-mutilation is common

65
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Characterized by constant attention-seeking behavior

66
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

one has a grandiose sense of self-importance, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, people who are too into themselves

67
Q

Cluster C

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

marked by behavior that is labeled as anxious or fearful by others

68
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection

69
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

characterized by a continuous need for reassurance, remain dependent on a parent or SO to make decisions

70
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

A

individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order, lifelong, ego-syntonic (I just like rules and order!)

different than OCD, which is marked by obsessions and compulsions

71
Q

Schizophrenia

A

excessive weed in adolescence is associated with increased risk, associated with an extremely high amount of dopamine within the brain

can be treated with neuroleptics–> block dopamine receptors, also known as an antipsychotic, side effect can include sedation

72
Q

Depression markers

A

high glucose metabolism in the amygdala, hippocampal atrophy after a long duration of illness, high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol), decreased norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine

73
Q

Bipolar disorder markers

A

increased norepinephrine and serotonin (monoamine theory), higher risk if parent has bipolar disorder, high risk for persons with MS

74
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

type of dementia characterized by gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought, and a tendency to misplace things; later stage can have mood changes, poor judgement, loss of initiate, common is people 65+

biological markers: B-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, diffuse atrophy in the brain, etc.

75
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

characterized by bradykinesia (slowness in movement),, resting tremor (a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used), pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth), masklike facies (a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth), cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb), and a shuffling gait

DECREASED dopamine production in the substantia nigra, a layer of cells in the brain that functions to produce dopamine to permit proper functioning of the basal ganglia

76
Q

L-DOPA

A

a precursor that is converted to dopamine once in the brain, replacing that which is lost due to Parkinson’s disease

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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