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McK's Science Review > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

how our brains process and react to the incredible information overload presented to us by the world

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2
Q

dual-coding theory

A

states that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information

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3
Q

information processing model

A

state that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

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4
Q

cognitive development

A

development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the life span

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5
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

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6
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. Object permanence ends this stage; birth -2 years old; Piaget

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7
Q

object permanence

A

objects continue to exist even when they are out of view; this ends the sensorimotor stage

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8
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 years old; marked by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration; Piaget

symbolic thinking- make believe/imagination
egocentrism- inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
centration- tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, inability to understand idea of conservation

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9
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years old; children can understand the idea of conservation and consider the perspective of others; able to engage in logical thought with concrete info; Piaget

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10
Q

formal operational stage

A

11 years old +; marked by the ability to think logically about abstract idea; Piaget; do an experiment where only one variable is changed

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11
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

educational psychologist, proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his or her culture, including interpersonal and societal rule, symbols, and language

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12
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

problem solving skills

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13
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

related to use of learned skills and knowledge

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14
Q

dementia

A

impaired memory, later progresses to impaired judgement and confusion

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15
Q

delirium

A

rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (non-psychological) causes ex. delirium tremens, caused by alcohol withdrawal

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16
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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17
Q

heuristics

A

simplified principles used to make decisions; “rules of thumb”

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18
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, sterotypical, or representative image of the category

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19
Q

disconfirmation principle

A

evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution did not work

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20
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them; leads to overconfidence (tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge or beliefs as infallible)

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21
Q

belief perseverance

A

inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

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22
Q

recognition-primed decision model

A

intuition, ex. a doctor’s brain is actually sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

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23
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

7 types: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

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24
Q

consciousness

A

one’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within that world

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25
Q

reticular formation

A

a neural structure located in the brainstem, to keep the cortex awake and alert; brain injury that results in disruption of these connections results in a coma

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26
Q

Electroencephalography

A

EEG, helps record the electrical patterns within the brain while sleeping

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27
Q

beta waves

A

have a high frequency, when we are awake, occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration

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28
Q

alpha waves

A

awake, relaxing with our eyes closed, slower than beta waves, more synchronized than beta waves

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29
Q

Stage 1

A

once you doze off, enter Stage 1, marked with the appearance of theta waves

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30
Q

Theta waves

A

in stage 1 sleep, slower frequencies, higher voltages, irregular wave forms of EEG

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31
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

sleep spindles and K complexes on EEG

32
Q

Stages 3 and 4

A

slow-wave sleep (SWS), low-frequency, high voltage sleep waves called delta waves

33
Q

Stages 1-4 Sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM sleep)

34
Q

REM sleep

A

interspersed between cycles of NREM sleep stages, paradoxical sleep

35
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

occurs in REM cycle, HR, breathing, and EEG mimic wakefulness, but individual is still asleep, muscles are paralyzed

36
Q

BAT-D (Bat sleeps in the day)

A

beta, alpha, theta, delta–> sequence of these brain waves

37
Q

melatonin

A

makes you sleepy, serotonin derived hormone from the pineal gland

38
Q

cortisol

A

steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, wakes you up, (hypothalamus) CRF–> (anterior pituitary) ACTH –> cortisol (adrenal cortex)

39
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are caused by wide-spread, random activation of neural circuitry

40
Q

problem solving dream theory

A

dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping

41
Q

cognitive process dream theory

A

dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness

42
Q

neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes

43
Q

dyssomnias

A

disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep (insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea)

44
Q

parasomnias

A

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep (night terrors, sleepwalking)

45
Q

cataplexy

A

loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours (type of narcolepsy symptom)

46
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when going to sleep

47
Q

hypnopompic hallucinations

A

hallucinations when waking up

48
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

49
Q

hypnosis

A

a state when a person appears to be in control of his or her normal functions but is in a highly suggestible state

50
Q

depressants

A

reduce nervous system activity, result in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

51
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

issue from drinking, caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B) and characterized by a severe memory impairment

52
Q

barbiturates

A

anxiety reducing and sleep medications, increase GABA activity, cause a sense of relaxation

53
Q

stimulants

A

increase in the arousal in the nervous system, increases the frequency of action potentials

54
Q

amphetamines

A

cause increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin at the synapse and decreasing their reuptake, increase in HR and blood pressure

55
Q

marijunana

A

THC in the active chemical, THC inhibits GABA activity, indirectly increases dopamine activity

56
Q

mesolimbic reward pathway

A

one of four dopaminergic pathways in brain, includes nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the connection between them called the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), addiction pathway is also activated by gambling and falling in love

57
Q

divided attention

A

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time; new tasks usually require undivided attention, utilize effortful/ controlled processing

58
Q

automatic processing

A

familiar or routine actions can be performed with this, permits the brain to focus on other things with divided attention

59
Q

controlled/effortful processing

A

new tasks or complex task require your full attention

60
Q

phonology

A

actual sound of language; about 40 speech sounds or phonemes in English

61
Q

morphology

A

structure of words, words are built from multiple building blocks called morphemes ex. re –> to do again

62
Q

semantics

A

association of meaning with a word

63
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together

64
Q

pragmatics

A

dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge, may tell a friend to “GTFO” while your boss, “do you mind if i have some privacy”

65
Q

prosody

A

rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices

66
Q

language acquistion

A

9-12 months - babbling
12-18 months- about one word per month
18-20 months- an explosion of language and combining words
2-3 years- longer sentences (3 words or more)
5 years- language rules largely mastered

67
Q

nativist (biological) theory

A

advocates for the existence of some innate capacity for language, developed by Noam Chomsky, innate ability is called the language acquisition device (LAD), critical period of language learning between 2 years old and puberty

68
Q

learning (behaviorist) theory

A

BF skinner, language acquisition by operant conditioning, language acquisition by reinforcement

69
Q

social interactionist theory

A

language development focuses on the interplay between biological and social processes, language acquisition is driven by the child’s desire to communicate and behave in a social manner, such as interacting with caretakers and other kids

70
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis, suggests that our perception of reality is determined by the content of language, ex. Inuits are better at discriminating between types of snows bc they have multiple words for types of snow

71
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, controls the motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex

72
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension

73
Q

What connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

A

arcuate fasciculus

74
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

a nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort, pts have the sensation of words on the tip of their tongues

75
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

a fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension, make nonsense sounds

76
Q

conduction aphasia

A

marked by the inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension, unable to repeat something that’s been said

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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