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McK's Science Review > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons-[ASCEND to brain]-> transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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2
Q

Motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons-[EXIT the spinal cord]-> transmit information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

found between other neurons and are the most numerous of the three types of neurons

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4
Q

Reflex arcs

A

neural circuits, path taken by the nerve impulse from the stimulus to sensory neuron to motor neuron to reflex muscle movement

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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions (INDEPENDENT OF CONSCIOUS CONTROL); made of parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest; conserves energy, manages digestion, constrict pupils, stimulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalsis and secretion, stimulates bile release, contracts bladder,

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight; increases HR, redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion, increases blood glucose concentration, relaxes the bronchi, decreases digestion and peristalsis, dilates the eyes to maximize light intake, releases epinephrine into the blood stream, secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

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11
Q

Brain is covered with a thick sheath of connective tissues called

A

meninges

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12
Q

Three layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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13
Q

Hindbrain +midbrain form the….?

A

brainstem (more primitive region of the brain)

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14
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

part of the forebrain, a group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory, aggression, fear, pleasure, and pain

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex?

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes; Outer covering of the cerebral hemisphere, associated with language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long term planning

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16
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

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17
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Inferiori and superior colliculi (sensorimotor reflexes)

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18
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

cerebellum (refined motor movements), medulla oblongata (vital functioning-breathing, digestion), reticular formation (arousal and alertness)

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19
Q

Basal ganglia?

A

movement

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20
Q

Thalamus?

A

sensory relay station

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21
Q

Hypothalamus?

A

Hunger and thirst, emotion; four Fs (feeding, fighting, flighting, fucking)

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22
Q

Hindbrain

A

balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, , and general arousal like sleeping and waking–> medulla oblongata is lower brain structure (HR, breathing, BP); pons lies above it; cerebellum is above pons, helps with posture

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23
Q

Midbrain?

A

associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli; superior colliculus receives visual sensory input inferior colliculus receives sensory information from the auditory system

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24
Q

Forebrain

A

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes, emotion and memory

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25
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

lacks hunger if it is destroyed, hunger center, can tell if body needs more food or fluids; when this is destroyed in rats, they refuse to eat and drink

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26
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

satiety center, signals to body to stop eating, bread lesion here will lead to obesity

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27
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

controls sexual behavior, when stimulated, rats will mount anything

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28
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

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29
Q

Pineal gland

A

releases melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms

30
Q

basal ganglia

A

coordinates muscle movement as they receive information from the cortex and relay this information (destruction of basal ganglia can lead to Parkinson’s)

31
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure center of brain, linked to addiction

32
Q

amygdala

A

plays a role in defensive and aggressive behaviors, including fear and rage

33
Q

hippocampus

A

plays a vital role in learning and memory processes; helps consolidate information to form long term memories

34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

not being able to establish new long-term memories, can’t learn new information

35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss of events that transpired before the brain injury

36
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive functioning , prefrontal cortex; association area (area that integrates input from diverse brain regions); Broca’s area (on left region)

37
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing; auditory cortex, primary site of most sound processing; Wernicke’s area, associated with language reception and comprehension

38
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, temp, pain, primary somatosensory cortex (located on the postcentral gyrus)

39
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision, has visual cortex, also known as the striate cortex

40
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

associate with language reception and comprehension

41
Q

Ipsilaterally

A

hearing, cerebral hemisphere communicate with the same side of the body

42
Q

Contralaterally

A

in most cases, one side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body; left side of brain controls movement on the right side of the body

43
Q

Cerebellum?

A

Coordinated movement

44
Q

Inferior and superior colliculi

A

sensorimotor reflexes

45
Q

limbic system?

A

emotion and memory

46
Q

reticular formation?

A

arousal and alertness

47
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

usually left, primarily analytic in function, makes it well suited for managing details (language production (broca’s area) and language comprehension (wernicke’s area) are primarily driven by dominant hemisphere

48
Q

non-dominant hemisphere

A

associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing

49
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous system; loss of cholinergic neurons in hippocampus associated with Alzheimer’s disease,

50
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

51
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

involved in alertness and wakefulness; promote fight or flight; low levels of norepinephrine are associated with depression; high levels are associated with anxiety and mania

52
Q

Dopamine

A

role in movement and posture; found in basal ganglia, helps smooth movement and maintain stability; too much can exist in cases of schizophrenia; not enough can exist in Parkinson’s disease

53
Q

Serotonin

A

plays a role in depression; too much can cause manic states

54
Q

GABA

A

stabilizes neural activity in the brain (similar to glycine)

55
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, increases chloride influx into the neuron

56
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

57
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal medulla (releases epinephrine and norephinerine) & adrenal cortex (makes corticosteroids)

58
Q

adrenal medulla

A

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

59
Q

adrenal cortex

A

makes corticosteroids, cortisol; sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

60
Q

innate behavior

A

result of evolution, genetically programmed

61
Q

learned behavior

A

based on experience and environment

62
Q

adaptive value

A

extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species

63
Q

neuralation

A

ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow

64
Q

alar plate

A

differentiates into sensory neurons

65
Q

basal plate

A

differentiates into motor neurons

66
Q

reflex

A

behavior that occurs in response to a given stimulus without higher cognitive input

67
Q

rooting reflex

A

automatic turning fo the head in a direction of stimulus that touches the cheek

68
Q

Moro reflex

A

infants abruptly move heads by flinging out their arms

69
Q

Babinksi reflex

A

causes toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

70
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals

71
Q

separation anxiety

A

fear of being separated from the parental figure

72
Q

parallel play

A

when children will play alongside each other without influencing each other’s behavior

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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