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McK's Science Review > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diploid?

A

2n

autosomal cells

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2
Q

Haploid

A

one copy of each chromosome

n

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3
Q

Interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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4
Q

Offshoot of G1 called…?

A

G0

Cell is simply living and carrying out its functions, without any preparation for division

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5
Q

Chromatin?

A

Chromosomes are in a less condensed form; DNA must be available to RNA polymerase so that genes can be transcribed

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6
Q

G1 stage

A

create organelles for energy and protein production; increases their size; in addition, passage into the S (synthesis) stage is governed by a restriction point

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7
Q

S stage

A

cell replicates its genetic material so each daughter will have identical copies

after replication, each chromosome will have two identical chromatids bound by a centromere

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8
Q

G2 stage

A

passes through another quality checkpoint, DNA was replicated in S stage, makes sure there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells, makes sure DNA is ok

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9
Q

M stage?

A 
mitosis + cytokinesis 
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
cytokinesis
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10
Q

Protein in charge of stopping the cell cycle if DNA has damage?

A

p53–> plays a role in the G2/M checkpoint

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11
Q

Promote transcription of genes for next stage of the cell cycle?

A

Transcription factors

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12
Q

Cyclins and cyclin- dependent kinases?

A

Cyclins bind to CDKs, create an activated CDK-cyclin complex, help phosphorylate transcription factors

Cyclins drive the events of the cell cycle by partnering with a family of enzymes called the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). A lone Cdk is inactive, but the binding of a cyclin activates it, making it a functional enzyme and allowing it to modify target proteins.

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13
Q

When cancer spreads through the bloodstream or lymphatic system?

A

metastasis

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14
Q

Genes that when mutated, actively promote cell divsion

A

oncogenes

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15
Q

Genes that, when mutated, lose their ability to regulate or arrest the cell cycle

A

tumor suppressor genes

ex. p53

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16
Q

mitosis

A 
2 identical daughter cells from a single cell, 
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
occurs in somatic cells
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17
Q

prophase

A

condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, spindle forms, centrosome made up microtubules, can form asters that anchor the centrioles to the cell membrane, kinetochores appear at the centrosome

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18
Q

Kinetochores?

A

protein structures located on the centromeres that serve as attachment points for specific fibers of the spindle apparatus (called kinetochore fibers)

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19
Q

Metaphase

A

centriole pairs are at opposite ends of the cell, kinetochore fibers interact with the fibers of the spindle apparatus to align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate (equatorial plate)

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20
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere, thus allowing the sister chromatids to separate, the sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles by shortening of the kinetochore fibers

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21
Q

Telophase

A

essential the reversal of prophase, spindle apparatus disappears, a nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear, chromosomes uncoil, returning to their interphase form

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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

end of telophase, separation of the cytoplasm and organelles, giving each daughter cell enough material to survive on its own, each cell undergoes a finite number of cell divisions before programmed death (for human somatic cells - normally between 20-50)

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23
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

meiosis occurs in gametocytes (germ cells) and results in up to four nonidentical sex cells (gametes)

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24
Q

What does Meiosis I result in ?

A

Homologous chromosomes being separated, generating haploid daughter cell –> known as reductional division
goes from 2n –> n

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25
Q

What does Meiosis II result in?

A

Results in the separation of sister chromatids without a change in ploidy and is therefore known as equational division
n–> n

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26
Q

Meiosis I–> prophase 1?

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called synapsis, crossing over, chiasma and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA, genetic recombination

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27
Q

Mendel’s Second Law of Independent assortment

A

states that the inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes

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28
Q

Metaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the metaphase plate, each pair attaches by a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore

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29
Q

Anaphase 1?

A

homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, process is called disjunction

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30
Q

Telophase 1?

A

a nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

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31
Q

Interkinesis?

A

short rest period between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

32
Q

What is meiosis II similar to?

A

mitosis –> sister chromatids rather than homologues are separated from each other

33
Q

Meiosis II

A
  1. prophase II–> nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoli disappear, the centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and the spindle apparatus begins to form
  2. metaphase II–> the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
  3. anaphase II–> the centromeres divide, separating the chromosomes into sister chromatids
  4. telophase II –> a nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

4 haploid daughters per gametocyte

34
Q

Hemizygous

A

x linked genes for dudes, men only have 1 so are hemizygous

35
Q

SRY

A

sex determining region –> part of Y chromosome that codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation and thus formation of male gonads, in absence of Y chromosome, all zygotes will be female

36
Q

SEVE(N) UP

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Epididymis
  3. Vas deferens (also called the ductus deferens)
  4. Ejaculatory duct
  5. (nothing)
  6. Urethra
  7. Penis
37
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

produced in seminiferous tubules, nourished by Sertoli cells

38
Q

What do the cells of Leydig secrete?

A

Testosterone

39
Q

Where are sperm stored until ejaculation?

A

Epididymis

40
Q

Where do sperm travel through during ejaculation?

A

They were stored in the epididymis–> vas deferens–> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> penis

41
Q

Seminal vesicles contribute….?

A

Fructose to nourish sperm and mildly alkaline properties

42
Q

Prostate gland …?

A

Gives the fluid mildly alkaline properties so the sperm can survive in the relative acidity of the female reproductive tract

43
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands produce…?

A

clear, viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

44
Q

Diploid stem cell are known as…?

A

spermatogonia

45
Q

After S stage, spermatogonia develop into..

A

primary spermatocytes

46
Q

After primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division they are called…

A

secondary spermatocytes

47
Q

After secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II they generate

A

spermatids

48
Q

After spermatids undergo maturation they become..

A

spermatozoa

49
Q

What are the parts of a sperm?

A
  1. head- contains genetic material, has a cap known as an acrosome, derived from the Golgi apparatus, necessary to penetrate the ovum
  2. midpiece- generates ATP from fructose, lots of mitochondria
  3. A flagellum (for motility)
50
Q

Female gonads are called

A

ovaries

51
Q

Ovaries can produce…?

A

estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

Production of female gametes is known as ….?

A

oogenesis

53
Q

By birth, all the oogonia have already undergone DNA replication and are considered…

A

primary oocytes (these cells are 2n), arrested in prophase I

54
Q

first menstrual cycle is called…?

A

menarche

55
Q

after menarche, once per month one primary oocyte will complete meiosis I producing a ….

A

secondary oocyte and a polar body

56
Q

zona pellucida

A

surrounds the oocyte itself, acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain compounds necessary for sperm cell binding

57
Q

corona radiata

A

lies outsides the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation

58
Q

When is meiosis II triggered for an egg?

A

When a sperm cell penetrates these layers with the help of acrosomal enzymes

59
Q

Ovum

A

very large cell contributes large quantities of cytoplasm and organelles to the zygote, RNA for early cellular processes, mitochondria, half of DNA

60
Q

Pronuclei

A

the pronuclei of the sperm and ovum join to create a diploid zygote

61
Q

At the start of puberty the hypothalamus ends the restriction of….

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

62
Q

GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary gland to synthesize and release

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), these trigger the production of other sex hormones

63
Q

Male sexual development

A

testosterone, produced by the testes, increases dramatically during puberty, and sperm production begins; also leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics

64
Q

What is secreted in response to FSH in women?

A

Estrogens, result in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics

65
Q

What leads to the thickening of the endometrium (lining of the uterus)?

A

Estrogens…done in preparation for the implantation fo a zygote

66
Q

The corpus luteum secretes ….?

A

Progesterone … it is involved in the development and maintenance of the endometrium, but not in the initial thickening of the endometrium (that’s estrogen)

67
Q

Mnemonic:

ESTrogen ESTablishes and PROgesterone PROtects the endometrium

A 
estrogen= thickens the endometrium 
progesterone= helps maintain the endometrium
68
Q

Corpus luteum

A

the remains of the ovarian follicle following ovulation

69
Q

Menstrual cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal Phase
70
Q

Follicular phase

A

begins with menstrual flow, sheds the uterine lining of the previous cycle, GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus increases in response to decreased concentrations of estrogen and progesterone (falls off at the end of each cycle)
estrogen stimulates regrowth of the endometrial lining, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of the decidua

71
Q

Ovulation

A

Surge in LH induces ovulation
estrogen can have negative and positive feedback effects, eventually will hit positive feedback late in follicular phase, and GnRH , LH, and FSH levels spike

72
Q

Luteal Phase

A

LH causes the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum, secretes progesterone

73
Q

menstruation

A

if implantation doesn’t occur, they corpus luteum loses its stimulation from LH, progesterone levels decline, and the uterine lining is sloughed off

74
Q

What is secreted if pregnancy occurs?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), maintains the corpus luteum, keeps the uterine lining in place

by second semester, hCG levels decline, bc the placenta has grown to a sufficient size to secrete enough progesterone and estrogen by itself

75
Q

menopause

A

as a woman ages, her ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH, resulting in ovarian atrophy; estrogen and progesterone levels drop, endometrium also atrophies, menstruation stops, negative feedback on FSH and LH is removed, blood levels of these two hormones rise

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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