Respiratory System

Question 1

nares

Answer 1

air is drawn through the nares

Question 2

pharynx

Answer 2

where it is warmed and humidified

Question 3

visbrissae

Answer 3

nasal hairs

Question 4

alveoli

Answer 4

small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

Question 5

surfactant

Answer 5

the alveoli reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, prevent collapse

Question 6

visceral pleura

Answer 6

lies adjacent to the lung itself

Question 7

parietal pleura

Answer 7

lines the chest wall

Question 8

intrapleural space

Answer 8

lies between the visceral pleural and the parietal pleura and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural spaces

Question 9

diaphragm

Answer 9

thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing

Question 10

inhalation

Answer 10

an active process, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space, this decreases the intrapleural pressure

this pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping the pressure within and drawing in air from the environment. This mechanism is termed negative-pressure breathing

Question 11

exhalation

Answer 11

may be passive or active

in passive exhalation, the relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

in active exhalation, the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air

Question 12

Spirometer

Answer 12

can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

Question 13

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 13

the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Question 14

residual volume (RV)

Answer 14

the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Question 15

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 15

the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Question 16

tidal volume (TV)

Answer 16

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 17

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 17

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 18

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 18

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 19

ventilation center

Answer 19

a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata

can be controlled by the cerebrum, but medulla oblongata will override it during extended periods of hypo or hyper ventilation

Question 20

Chemoreceptors

Answer 20

respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercarbia or hypercapnia)

Question 21

pulmonary arteries

Answer 21

deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs by pulmonary arteries

Question 22

pulmonary veins

Answer 22

oxygenated blood with a low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Question 23

vasodilation

Answer 23

helps body lose heat

Question 24

vasoconstriction

Answer 24

helps body maintain heat

Question 25

Mucociliary escalator

Answer 25

helps filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter

Question 26

lysozyme

Answer 26

in the nasal cavity and saliva attacks peptidoglycan cell walls fo gram-positive bacteria

Question 27

macrophages

Answer 27

can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

Question 28

mucosal surfaces

Answer 28

covered with IgA antibodies

Question 29

Mast cells

Answer 29

have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals, mast cells are often involved with allergic reactions

Question 30

What happens when blood pH decreases?

Answer 30

Respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide,

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

This causes a left shift in the buffer equation, reducing hydrogen ion concentration

Question 31

What happens when blood pH increases?

Answer 31

When blood pH increases, respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
This causes a right shift in the buffer equation, increasing hydrogen ion concentration