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McK's Science Review > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction?

A

conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the NS

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2
Q

Perception?

A

refers to the processing of this information to make sense of its significance

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3
Q

distal stimuli?

A

stimuli that originate outside of the body (ex. camp fire is a distal stimulus)

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4
Q

proximal stimuli?

A

react directly with sensory receptors

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5
Q

ganglia

A

collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system

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6
Q

threshold

A

the minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception

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7
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

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8
Q

subliminal perception

A

refers to the perception of a stimulus below a given threshold (can use discrimination testing to detect the difference between two stimuluses)

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9
Q

difference threshold/ just-noticeable difference (jnd)

A

minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive a difference

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10
Q

Weber’s Law

A

there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus (weber’s law appears to be accurate for all sensory modalities, except at the extremely high and low ends of each range)

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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

focuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal and external context

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12
Q

response bias

A

refers to the tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to non-sensory factors

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13
Q

catch trials

A

trails in which the signal is presented

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14
Q

noise trials

A

trials in which the signal is not presented

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15
Q

hits

A

subject correctly perceives the signal

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16
Q

misses

A

subject fails to perceive a given signal

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17
Q

false alarm

A

subject seems to perceive a signal when none was given

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18
Q

correct negatives

A

subject correctly identifies that no signal was given

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19
Q

adapation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus over time

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20
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

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21
Q

choroidal vessels

A

blood vessels between the sclera and the retina

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22
Q

retinal vessels

A

The retinal blood vessels are the central retinal artery and vein, and their branches.

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23
Q

cornea

A

clear, dome-like window in front of the eye, where light first passes through

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24
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye

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25
Q

anterior chamber

A

lies in front of the iris

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26
Q

posterior chamber

A

between the iris and the lens

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27
Q

dilator pupillae

A

opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation

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28
Q

constrictor pupillae

A

constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

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29
Q

lens

A

lies right behind the iris and helps control the refraction for the incoming light

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30
Q

retina

A

back of the eye, duplexity or duplicity theory of vision, two kinds of photoreceptors –> those specialized for light and those specialized for color detection

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31
Q

rods

A

sense light and dark, all contain a single pigment called rhodopsin

32
Q

cones

A

cones are for COLOR vision, macula has a high concentration of cones, centermost point has only fovea (contains only cones)

33
Q

bipolar cells

A

rods and cones connect with these cells, bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells, form optic nerve

34
Q

amacrine and horizontal cells

A

receive input from multiple retinal cells, info is passed on to ganglion cells

35
Q

optic chiasm

A

fibers from the nasal half (closer to the nose) of each retina cross paths, once they leave the optic chiasm its called the optic tracts

36
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

relay center in thalamus for the visual pathway

37
Q

occipital lobe

A

for vision, visual cortex

38
Q

superior colliculus

A

when there is a loud, sudden sound, the superior colliculus aligns the eyes with the likely stimulus, gives deer in the headlights response

39
Q

parallel processing

A

ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion

40
Q

feature detection

A

visual pathway contain cells specialized in detection of color, shape, or motion

41
Q

magnocellular cells

A

cells specialize in motion detection, have very high temporal resolution

42
Q

parvocellular cells

A

shape is detected by parvocellular cells, have very high color spatial resolution, low temporal resolution

43
Q

other sense that the ear helps with besides hearing?

A

rotational and linear acceleration (vestibular sense)

44
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

45
Q

3 small bones in ear

A

Malleus–> incus–> stapes

46
Q

What helps equalize pressure in the middle ear and the environment?

A

Eustachian tube

47
Q

Inner ear parts

A

Within the bony labyrinth, contain the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals…continuous with each other, mostly filled with the membranous labyrinth, bathed in potassium rich fluid called endolymph

48
Q

Cochlea

A

spiral shaped organ, divided into scalae, organ of Corti, basilar membrane; organ of Corti is composed of thousands of hair cells, bathed in endolymph

49
Q

Round window

A

a membrane covered hole in the cochlea, permits the perilymph to actually move within the cochlea

50
Q

Vestibule?

A

contain the utricle and saccule, sensitive to linear acceleration

51
Q

Semicircular canals are sensitive to what type of acceleration?

A

rotational acceleration

52
Q

Auditory pathways in the brain?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve–> brainstem–> Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)–> auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for sound processing, some is sent to the superior olive, localizes the sound; other is sent to the inferior colliculus, involved in the startle reflex

53
Q

sterocilia

A

hair cells in the ear, help with sound

54
Q

place theory

A

the location of a hair cell on the basilar membrane determines the perception of pitch when that hair cell is vibrated, cochlea is tonotopically organized

55
Q

olfactory chemoreceptors

A

olfactory nerves, located in the olfactory epithelium in the upper part of the nasal cavity, lots of specific chemoreceptors

56
Q

pheromones

A

secreted by one person or animal and impact another to act in a specific way, role in social, foraging, and sexual behavior

57
Q

olfactory pathway to the brain?

A

odor molecules are inhaled –> receptor cells are activated, send signals to the olfactory bulb, relayed via the olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain including the limbic system

58
Q

papillae

A

little bumps on the tongue where taste buds/receptors for taste are found

59
Q

somatosensation

A

sense of touch, somatosensory cortex is in the parietal lobe; 4 touch modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temp.

60
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

respond to deep pressure and vibrations

61
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

respond to light touch

62
Q

Merkel cells (discs)

A

respond to deep pressure and texture

63
Q

Ruffini endings

A

respond to stretch

64
Q

Free nerve endings

A

respond to pain and temperature

65
Q

two-point threshold

A

the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

66
Q

Proprioception

A

kinesthetic sense, ability to tell where one’s body is in space

67
Q

bottom-up processing

A

refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection

68
Q

top-down processing

A

driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations

69
Q

perceptual organization

A

refers to the ability to use these two processes, in tandem with all the other sensory clues about an object, to create a complete picture or idea

70
Q

depth perception

A

can rely on both monocular and binocular cues (processes that involve one or both eyes, respectively),

71
Q

Gestalt principles

A

ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

72
Q

law of proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

73
Q

law of similarity

A

objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

74
Q

law of good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together

75
Q

subjective contours

A

perceiving contour sand therefore shapes that are not actually present in the stimulus

76
Q

law of closure

A

when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure

77
Q

law of pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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