Social Interaction Flashcards
statuses
positions in society that are used to classify individuals
ascribed status
one that is given involuntarily, such as race, ethnicity, gender, and family background
achieved status
gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, like being a doctor
master status
status by which a person is most identified
role
a set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status
role performance
carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role
role partner
the person with whom one is interacting
role set
various roles associated with a status are referred to as a role set
role conflict
the difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles
ex. full time employee and single parent–> hard to do requirements of both
role strain
the difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
role exit
dropping of one identity for another
group
a social group, consists of two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.
as size increases, stability increases triad more stable than dyad
triad
three people
more stable than dyad
dyad
two people
peer group
one that is defined by association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses
can be friends and provide belonging
family group
determined by birth, adoption, and marriage
in groups
groups to which an individual belongs
out groups
groups to which an individual competes with or is in opposition to
reference groups
groups are established by the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves
primary group
the interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members….often last a long period of time
secondary group
interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds, last a short period of time, like students working together on a group project
Gemeinschaft
community, refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
ex. families and neighborhoods
Gesellschaft
society, refers to groups that are formed because of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal
ex. companies and countries are examples
interaction process analysis
a technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups
System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)
based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs submission, friendliness vs unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive
Group conformity
individuals are compliant with the group’s goals, even when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to the individual’s goal
Groupthink
occurs when members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group, while ignoring outside ideas
network
observable pattern of social relationships
network redundancy
overlapping connections with the same individual
immediate networks
dense with strong ties
distant networks
distant networks are looser and contain weaker ties vs immediate networks
organizations
entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture
formal organizations
organizations continue despite the departure of an individual member
characteristic institution
basic organization of society is found in its characteristic institution
back the day, kin, clan
now- bureaucracy is everywhere
bureaucracy
a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control
iron law of oligarchy
democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
McDonaldization
refers to the shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in society
Self-presentation
process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors
impression management
self-presentation is often used interchangeably with impression management, use strategies to shape what others will think of them
basic model of emotional expression
Darwin, emotional expression consists of a number of components, facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, etc.
related to appraisal model
appraisal model
accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
social construction model
assumes there is no biological basis for emotions, instead they are based on experiences and the situational context alone
display rules
cultural expectations of emotion are often referred to as display rules
Cultural syndrome
a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
authentic self
who the person actual is
ideal self
who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
tactical self
who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us
dramaturgical approach
uses the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations
front stage and backstage
front stage
where the actor is in front of the audience and performs according to the setting
back stage
where the actor is not being observed by an audience and is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image without having to worry about ruining his performance
Verbal languages
spoken language, written language, sign languages (ASL), tactile languages (Braille alphabet)
Nonverbal languages
facial expressions, body language (postures), gestures, tone of voice (prosody), eye contact, amount of personal space
social construction model
states that emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions
ingratiation
using flattery or conformity to win over someone else
aligning actions
the use of excuses to account for questionable behavior
alter-casting
imposing an identity onto another person
