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McK's Science Review > Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior > Flashcards

Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Michelangelo phenomenon

A

idea that “sculptor simply releases and uncovers the ideal figures that are hidden within stone”….ideal self can be “sculpted” with help from others

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2
Q

Social action

A

Max Weber, actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

if individuals predict a negative reaction from those around them, they will often modify their behavior

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3
Q

social facilitation

A

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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4
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (or simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (or complex tasks)

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5
Q

Deindividuation

A

a social phenomenon that occurs when individuals are in group settings, individual behavior is dramatically different in social environments, large group provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity

can lead to antinormative behaviors

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6
Q

Antinormative behavior

A

behavior against the norm

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7
Q

bystander effect

A

when individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

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8
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

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9
Q

peer pressure

A

social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

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10
Q

peers

A

individuals who are equals within a group

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11
Q

identity shift effect

A

when an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by the threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group

this will cause an internal conflict, so to eliminate the sense of individual conflict, the individual experiences an identity shift wherein the individual adopts the standards of the group as their own

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12
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions, leads to an internal state of discomfort

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13
Q

social interaction

A

explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

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14
Q

group polarization

A

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group, can lead to more risky or more cautious decisions than based off the initial tendencies

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15
Q

risky shift

A

groups tended to make more risky decisions than individuals

later realized it could also go towards caution, so relabeled choice shift

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16
Q

choice shift

A

groups tend to make more risky or more cautious decisions than individuals

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17
Q

groupthink

A

a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

ex. Bay of Pigs invasion

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18
Q

8 factors indicative of groupthink

A

illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, illusion of morality, excessive stereotyping, pressure for conformity, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, mindguards

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19
Q

fad

A

a behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community

ex. pet rocks in the 1970s

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20
Q

mass hysteria

A

shared, intense concern about the threats to society

ex. Salem Witch Trials

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21
Q

culture

A

beliefs, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

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22
Q

culture shock

A

when traveling outside of one’s society, cultural differences can be seen as dramatic, known as culture shock

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23
Q

assimilation

A

process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

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24
Q

ethnic enclaves

A

can slow assimilation, neighborhoods like Chinatown or Little Italy

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25
Q

multiculturalism

A

communities or societies containing multiple cultures

mosaic–mix of different cultures
melting pot- one homogenous culture

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26
Q

subcultures

A

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

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27
Q

counterculture

A

subculture group that gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores

28
Q

socialization

A

discussing the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

29
Q

cultural transmission/cultural learning

A

way in which a society socializes its members

30
Q

cultural diffusion

A

spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture

31
Q

primary socialization

A

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society

32
Q

secondary socialization

A

process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society, often associated with adolescents and adults (can occur if you change jobs or school)

33
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships (ex. live together to prepare for married life)

34
Q

re-socialization

A

process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and can have positive or negative connotations

ex. train armed forces to respond to commands without hesitation; indoctrinating members into a cult

35
Q

norms

A

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

serve as social control–> provide a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups

36
Q

mores

A

widely observed social norms

37
Q

sanctions

A

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior

38
Q

taboo

A

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

39
Q

folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, like shaking hands after a sports match

40
Q

deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

41
Q

stigma

A

the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

42
Q

labeling theory

A

the labels given to people affect not only how other respond to that person, but also the person’s self image

if you call someone a slut, they may become more slutty

43
Q

differential association theory

A

deviance can be learned through interactions with others

if you are around “the wrong group”, you may engage in bad behavior

44
Q

strain theory

A

deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure; social goal is to get money, if you don’t get it bc you weren’t well educated, you may steal

deviant behavior arrises to attempt to achieve a social goal outside the limiting social structure

45
Q

conformity

A

matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms

pressure to conform can be real or imagined, also known as a majority influence

46
Q

normative conformity

A

the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

47
Q

internalization

A

changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

48
Q

identification

A

outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

49
Q

compliance

A

a change in behavior based on a direct request

50
Q

foot-in-the door technique

A

a small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

51
Q

door-in-the-face technique

A

a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made

52
Q

lowball technique

A

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of commitment

53
Q

that’s not all technique

A

an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected

54
Q

obedience

A

changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order form an authority figure

people are far more likely to obey rather than comply due to the real or perceived power of the individual

55
Q

social cognition

A

ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

56
Q

attitude

A

the expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario

ABC
Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive

57
Q

affective component of attitude

A

refers to the way a person feels toward something and is the emotional component of attitude

58
Q

behavioral component of attitude

A

the way a person acts with respect to something–> for example, avoiding snakes and spending time with one’s family would reflect the behavioral component of attitude

59
Q

cognitive component of attitude

A

they way an individual thinks about something, which is usually the justification for affective and behavioral components

60
Q

functional attitudes theory

A

attitudes serve four functions

  1. knowledge–> provides consistency and stability, provide organization to thoughts and experiences, knowing the attitude of others helps to predict their behavior
  2. ego expression–> communicate and solidify our self-identity
  3. adaptation–> idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
  4. ego defense–> protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
61
Q

learning theory

A

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning, for ex. a child that’s taught by parents not to form curse words will form a negative attitude towards curse words and those that use them

62
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information, central route processing vs peripheral route processing

63
Q

central route processing

A

those who think deeply about info and do deep thinking, ex. someone who picks a political candidate based off policy

high elaboration, re elaboration likelihood model

64
Q

peripheral route processing

A

those who don’t elaborate, focus on superficial details, the appearance of the individual
ex. pick a candidate because they are the most attractive

low elaboration, re elaboration likelihood model

65
Q

social cognitive theory

A

postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others, ex. work ethic of employees in a company is affected by how hard their colleagues work

impacted by Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation

66
Q

Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation

A

personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioral factors all play a role!

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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