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McK's Science Review > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to the same stimulus (re: cadaver in an anatomy lab)

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2
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occured

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3
Q

associative learning

A

creation of a pairing, or an association, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual response to create associations between two unrelated stimuli. for ex. Pavlov’s dogs

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5
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

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6
Q

you rock

A

you’re awesome!

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7
Q

neutral stimuli

A

stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

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8
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a normally neutral stimulus that through association now causes a reflexive response called a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

response to a conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

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10
Q

acquistion

A

process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

extinction

A

if the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus and extinction occurs

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12
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited, a phenomenon called spontaneous recovery

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13
Q

generalization

A

a broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to a conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response (ex. Little Albert is afraid of white rats, also a white stuffed rabbit)

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14
Q

discrimination

A

an organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

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15
Q

operant conditioning

A

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors

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16
Q

behaviorism

A

theory that all behaviors are conditioned, associated with BF Skinner/operant conditioning

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior

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18
Q

positive reinforcers

A

increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior (ex. money)

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19
Q

Negative reinforcers

A

increase the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant (like aspirin to remove a headache)

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20
Q

escape learning

A

the role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists, like a headache

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21
Q

avoidance learning

A

meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen (ex. study for the MCAT to avoid a bad score)

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22
Q

punishment

A

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior

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23
Q

positive punishment

A

adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior (flogged for stealing)

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24
Q

negative punishment

A

reduction of a behavior by taking away a stimulus (ex. no TV as a consequence for bad behavior)

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25
Q

fixed-ratio (FR) schedules

A

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior (rat pellet every third push)

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26
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

a fixed-ratio schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

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27
Q

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

A

reinforces a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior (very rapid, very resistant to extinction) –> FASTEST FOR LEARNING A NEW BEHAVIOR

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28
Q

fixed-interval (FI) schedule

A

reinforces the first instance of a behavior after a specific time period has elapsed

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29
Q

variable-interval (VI) schedule

A

reinforces a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time. Instead of waiting exactly 60 seconds, rat may wait 90 seconds, then 30

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30
Q

shaping

A

the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

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31
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

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32
Q

prepardedness

A

how animals are predisposed to learn based off their natural abilities and instincts, like birds naturally peck at food, so able to reward them for pecking based behavior is easier

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33
Q

instinctive drift

A

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors

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34
Q

observational learning

A

process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others (ex. Bobo doll experiments)

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35
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire when both an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing the action

36
Q

modeling

A

determining what behaviors are acceptable by watching others

37
Q

encoding

A

process of putting new information into memory

38
Q

automatic processing

A

gaining knowledge without effort

39
Q

controlled processing

A

effortful processing, when you actively make flashcards to memorize details for the mcat

40
Q

visual encoding

A

visualizing information

41
Q

acoustic encoding

A

store the way it sounds

42
Q

semantic encoding

A

putting the information in meaningful context

43
Q

self-reference effect

A

we recall information the best when we can put it into the context of our own lives

44
Q

maintenance rehersal

A

repetition of a piece of information to keep it within working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long term memory

45
Q

mnemonics

A

acronyms or rhyming phrases to memorize information

46
Q

method of loci

A

associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

47
Q

peg-word

A

associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

48
Q

chunking

A

taking individual elements of a larger list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meanings

49
Q

sensory memory

A

consists of both iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory; last a very short time, generally under one second, maintained by the occipital lobe (vision) and temporal lobe (hearing)

50
Q

short-term memory

A

fades quickly, over the course of approximately 30 seconds without rehearsal, limited by 7 +- 2 rule

51
Q

hippocampus

A

short term memory housed here, responsible for consolidation of short term memory into long-term memory

52
Q

eidetic memory

A

ability to recall, with high precision, an image after only a brief exposure

53
Q

working memory

A

allows us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information, allows us to do simple math in our heads

54
Q

elaborative rehersal

A

the association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory, closely tied to self-reference effect; long-term memories eventually move from hippocampus to cerebral cortex

55
Q

implicit memory

A

non-declarative or procedural memory, consists of our skills and conditioned responses

56
Q

explicit memory

A

declarative memory, consists of those memories that require conscious recall (semantic and episodic)

57
Q

semantic memory

A

facts that we know, a type of explicit/declarative memory

58
Q

episodic memory

A

our experiences, a type of explicit/declarative memory

59
Q

retrieval

A

process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained

60
Q

recall

A

retrieval and statement of previously learned informaiton

61
Q

recognition

A

process of merely identifying a piece of information

62
Q

relearning

A

way of demonstrating that information has been stored in long-term memory

63
Q

spacing effect

A

the greater the spacing between learning something, the greater the retention of information later on, why cramming isn’t effective

64
Q

semantic network

A

a network of interconnected ideas

65
Q

spreading activation

A

when one node of a semantic network is activated, other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

66
Q

priming

A

retrieval cue, recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

67
Q

context effects

A

memory is aided by being in a physical location where encoding took place

68
Q

state-dependent memory

A

state-dependent effect, people who learn something while drunk recall it better while drunk, why i should study in silence bc i’ll be testing in silence too

69
Q

serial position effect

A

retrieval cue that appears while learning a list, first and last items are remembered better in general

70
Q

primacy effect

A

remember the first items

71
Q

recency effect

A

remember the last items

72
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus, marked by progressive dementia (loss of cognitive functioning); neurofibrillary tangles and B-amyloid plaques; sundowning

73
Q

Sundowning

A

increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening

74
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain, marked by retrograde and anterograde amnesia; confabulation

75
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of previously formed memories

76
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

77
Q

confabulation

A

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in gaps of missing memories, example of the creation of false memories

78
Q

agnosia

A

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds (usually just one of the three), usually caused by a stroke or neurological disorder like MS

79
Q

interference/interference effect

A

a retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information

80
Q

proactive interfence

A

old information is interfering with new learning (ex. when you move and your old address messes with your ability to learn your new address)

81
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new information causes forgetting of old information (when a teacher learns a new set of student names so she/he forgets her/his old students)

82
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

83
Q

misinformation effect

A

experiment when participants were shown a car stopping at a yield sign, later read things that say it was a stop sign, so then they insist on seeing a stop sign (FAKE NEWS!)

84
Q

source-monitoring error

A

confusion between semantic and episodic memory, a person remembers the details of an event, but they confuse the context in which it happen (if you watch a movie then remember the events happen to yourself)

85
Q

neuroplasticity

A

neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli via a phenomenon called neuroplasticity

86
Q

synaptic pruning

A

as we grow older, our brains change via synaptic pruning, weak neural connections are broken, strong ones are bolstered

87
Q

long-term potentiation

A

strengthening of a “long-term” synaptic connection; responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory, is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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