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McK's Science Review > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neurons

A

specialized cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses

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2
Q

soma

A

cell body of a neuron, where nucleus is located

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive incoming messages from other cells

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4
Q

axon hillock

A

integrates the incoming signals from the dendrites, plays an important role in action potentials (transmission of electrical impulses down the axon)

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5
Q

axon

A

long appendage that terminates in close proximity to a target structure (muscle, gland, another neuron)

Axons carry it Away from the soma

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6
Q

What produces myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

What produces myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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8
Q

Breaks in myelin sheath are called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

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9
Q

At the end of the axon it is called the?

A

Nerve terminal/synaptic bouton (knob)

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit information between neurons

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11
Q

Space between terminal portion of the axon and dendrites of the adjacent neuron

A

synaptic cleft

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12
Q

Nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane are known as the…?

A

Synapse

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13
Q

Types of nerves in the PNS

A

Sensory, motor, or mixed–> refers to the type of information they carry

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14
Q

Axons can be bundled together to form?

A

tracts

only carry one type of information

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15
Q

Cell bodies of neurons in the same tract are grouped together to form?

A

Nuclei

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16
Q

Glial cells/neuroglia

A

cells in the nervous system that play structural and supportive roles

ex. astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

nourish neurons and form the blood brain barrier, which controls the transmission of solutes from the bloodstream into nervous tissue

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18
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber

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19
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the central nervous system

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20
Q

What is all or nothing?

A

An action potential!

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21
Q

What is a cell’s resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) help maintain the resting potential

22
Q

Potassium leak channels

A

allows the slow leak of potassium out of the cell

23
Q

Sodium leak channels

A

Slow leak of sodium into the cell

24
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

continually pumps sodium and potassium back to where they started: potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

25
Q

Depolarization

A

raises the membrane potential, caused by excitatory input

if it hits its threshold value, will trigger an action potential

26
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

lowering the membrane potential from its resting potential

27
Q

summation

A

additive effect of multiple signals

28
Q

Temporal summation

A

multiple signals are integrated during a relatively short period of time

29
Q

Spatial summation

A

the additive effects are based on the number and location of the incoming signals

30
Q

How does action potential occur

A

it’s at -70 mV, there’s a Na+ influx that raises the membrane potential to about 35 mV, then there is a K+ efflux that lowers the membrane potential to back to -70 mV, with the Na+/K+ pump helping to re-stabilize from the hyperpolarization

31
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

promotes the migration of sodium into the cell

32
Q

3 states of sodium channels?

A
  1. Closed-> before the cell reaches threshold and after inactivation has been reversed
  2. Open –> from threshold to about 35 mV
  3. Inactive –> from approximately +35 mV to the resting potential
33
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no amount of stimulation can cause another action potential to occur

34
Q

relative refractory period

A

there must be a greater than normal stimulation to cause an action potential to occur, bc the membrane is starting from a potential that is more negative than its resting value

35
Q

Impulse propagation

A

Action potential travels down the axon and initiates neurotransmitter release

36
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

the signal hoping from node to node

37
Q

effector

A

if a neuron signals to a gland or muscle, rather than another neuron

38
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter that is broken down by acetylcholinesterase; responsible for parasympathetic response in the body

(we don’t want constant signaling to a postsynaptic cleft)

39
Q

reuptake carriers

A

a way in which neurotransmitters can be brought back into the presynaptic neuron

ex. serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine can all go back this way

40
Q

Nitric oxide

A

a signaling molecule that diffuses out of the synaptic cleft

41
Q

supraspinal circuit

A

when input from the brain or brainstem is needed to process a stimuli

42
Q

grey matter

A

consists of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

43
Q

Sections of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

It is protected by the vertebral column, transmits nerves at the space between the adjacent vertebrae

44
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia

45
Q

somatic nervous system

A

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles. Sensory neurons transmit information through afferent fibers

46
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions

47
Q

first neuron in the autonomic nervous system is called the…?

A

preganglionic neuron

48
Q

second neuron in the autonomic nervous system is called the…?

A

postganglionic neuron

49
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy, rest and digest
constricts pupils, stimulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalsis and secretion, stimulates bile release, contracts bladder

50
Q

functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
dilates pupils, inhibits salivation, relaxes bronchi, accelerates heartbeat, stimulates sweating or piloerection, inhibits peristalsis and secretion, stimulates glucose production and release, secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, inhibits bladder contraction, stimulates orgasm

51
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

there is a single synapse between the sensory neuron that receives the stimulus and the motor neuron that responds to it

ex. knee-jerk reflex

52
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

there is at least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neurons

ex. withdrawal reflex (step on a nail), interneurons in the spinal cord provide the connections from incoming sensory information to the motor neurons in the supporting limb

McK's Science Review (24 decks)

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